Influence of fat percentage on muscle oxygen uptake and metabolic power during repeated-sprint ability of footballers

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Molina, A. Muñoz, X. Linde" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "I." "apellidos" => "Molina" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Muñoz" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "X." "apellidos" => "Linde" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2666506922000141?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/26665069/0000005700000216/v1_202211230605/S2666506922000141/v1_202211230605/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:17 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original Article" "titulo" => "Influence of fat percentage on muscle oxygen uptake and metabolic power during repeated-sprint ability of footballers" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Aldo A. Vasquez-bonilla, Daniel Rojas-Valverde, Rafael Timon, Guillermo Olcina" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Aldo A." "apellidos" => "Vasquez-bonilla" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "alvasquezb@unex.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0001" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0001" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Daniel" "apellidos" => "Rojas-Valverde" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0002" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Rafael" "apellidos" => "Timon" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0001" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Guillermo" "apellidos" => "Olcina" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0001" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Av. Universidad s/n, Cáceres, 10003, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0001" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0002" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0001" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author at: University of Extremadura, Av. Universidad s/n, Faculty of Sport Science, 10003 Caceres, Extremadura, Spain." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0002" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1078 "Ancho" => 2917 "Tamanyo" => 239668 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0002" "detalle" => "Fig " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Influence of body fat % in the response of muscle oxygen extraction, heart rate, energy cost and metabolic power during the sprint-repetitions. Note: 1) RSA test graphs: a) muscle oxygen extraction, b) heart rate, c) metabolic power and d) energy cost. 2) 95% confidence interval: a) muscle oxygen extraction, b) heart rate, c) metabolic power and d) energy cost. Difference between low body fat % (level 1) vs higher body fat % (level 2 and level 3), (*) p value <0.05 statistically significant. Difference between the body fat % (level 2) vs the body fat % (level 3), (+) p value <0.05 statistically significant." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionIn recent years, interest has increased in studying the repeated sprint ability (RSA) of footballers as a fundamental variable in team sports. RSA are characterized by high intensity actions interspersed with short recovery times.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">1</a> Considering the actual football competitive demands, players cover more distance at high speed, therefore need better performance to withstand high intensity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002">2</a> Although, RSAs don't usually appear frequently during full-time play due to the high energy demand this implies. RSA can be considered as an independent variable in the soccer training process, as it works as a means to develop acceleration, speed, explosive power of the legs, aerobic power and high running performance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003">3</a> In addition, it directly intervenes in muscle metabolism by improving maximum oxygen uptake, phosphocreatine (PCr) restoration and the glycolytic pathway. This is decisive for the physical performance as it improvement the recovery during sprints.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003">3</a> In football, RSA testing is typically characterized by short-distance not exceeding 20 meters, with short recovery periods (<30 seconds). This is important since the combination of very high intensity actions together with insufficient recovery periods generates stresses on muscle metabolic processes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">1</a> and results in the development of neuromuscular fatigue.When evaluating performance using an RSA, external load indicators such as best time, total time, and fatigue index are often measured. However, to understand the response to muscle energy demands, some internal load parameters such as heart rate (HR) and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) should be also monitored. These internal load variables together with the external load variables would give us a better overview of the decrease in RSA due to fatigue accumulation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004">4</a> HR is a physiological variable widely used in football, but HR cannot determine muscle energy capacity during intermittent high-intensity activities such as sprinting and passive recovery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">5</a> For this reason, the development of theoretical models and software allow knowing other variables as energy cost (EC) and metabolic power (MP), which indirectly assess energy metabolism through the distance covered, speed and accelerometry during training and matches.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006">6</a> It has been shown that MP analysis can be useful to adequately assess professional player´s performance limitations, especially during high-intensity actions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006">6</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007">7</a> Furthermore, MP represents the required ATP hydrolysis rate to develop the muscular work needed during running.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008">8</a>Non-invasive technology such as near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is used to evaluate muscle metabolism, which allows the measurement of muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009">9</a> The interest in evaluating SmO2 is due to its ability to discriminate metabolic changes within the muscle related to oxygen transport during high-intensity actions. In repeated-sprint activities, it has been proposed to measure the mean rates of desaturation (during the sprint) and re-saturation (during recovery between sprints) as indicators of metabolic performance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">10</a> Furthermore, slower reoxygenation indicates that there is a slower recovery of intramuscular phosphates that are required for high-intensity exercise at levels prior to sprinting exercise lower performance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">10</a> Besides, some factors such as high values of body fat % and less muscle mass (body composition) affect performance of aerobic and anaerobic capacity, intermittent endurance capacity, RSA, small-side games and football specific activities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0011">11</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012">12</a> Likewise, the muscle oxygenation capacity is influenced by adipose tissue,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0013">13</a> because greater adipose tissue affects muscle oxygen trapping during exercise.Therefore, we hypothesize that SmO2 is related to energy cost, metabolic power, heart rate, and performance during RSA. We also consider the body fat % as a variable that intervenes in performance due to its relationship with a better muscle oxygenation capacity and force production. This study aimed to 1) explore the potential relationship between energy cost and metabolic power with SmO2 dynamics during a RSA; 2) determine the degree of influence of fat percentage on muscle oxygen transport during RSA in footballers.MethodsParticipantsTwenty-five footballers (age 22.4 ± 2.6 years, body weight 74.8 ± 9.9 kg, height 1.81 ± 0.07 m, medial calf skinfold 9.3 ± 2.3 mm, experience 8.5 ± 1.8 years) were assessed. Participants competed in the Spanish third division. The exclusion criterion was that the players did not have at least three months before the measurement a serious illness or disease and a recent musculoskeletal injury that could affect the SmO2 evaluation. Football players signed the informed consent form and agreed to all protocol risks and benefits of this study. The Institutional Review Board of the University of Extremadura approved the protocol (Registration No.: 131/2018) following the Declaration of Helsinki's principles.MeasuresRepeated-Sprint Ability Test: The RSA test followed guidelines according to the University of Wolverhampton (United Kingdom) and as previously reported.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">14</a> First, the players performed a standardized warm-up as advised by the fitness coach. Players were instructed to run at maximum for each sprint. RSA involved eight × 20 m maximum straight-line sprints followed by a 20 s semi-active recovery period. This protocol was validated and proposed by Aziz et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">15</a> Players were instructed to run through the time gates and slow down only after being well away from the photocell instead (Witty, Microgate, Italy). The players then recovered within 10 meters and returned to the nearest line to begin the next sprint.The electronic photocell gates were adjusted according to the participant's hip height and placed 1.2 m apart between each cell. The tripods instead placed at the zero and 20 m marks and connected to an electronic timer with the sampling rate of 0.01 s. The time for each sprint and total time were evaluated as a performance factor. This protocol demonstrated that the time of total sprint was highly reproducible (Intraclass coefficient, r: 0.98 (95%: 0.96-0.99) and typical error 0.42 sec (95%: 0.32-0.62 s).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">15</a>Energy Cost and Metabolic Power: EC and MP were evaluated based on speed, as referenced in other studies that use GPS,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006">6</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0016">16</a> but it can be exported when using photocell gates that are direct measurements. The energy cost (EC in J/ kg/m) and MP (in W/kg) were evaluated during both situations using the first algorithm of Osgnach et al., (2010) According to this approach, the energy cost can be defined as:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eqn0001"></elsevierMultimedia>where EC is the energy cost of accelerated running on flat terrain (J/kg/m), ES is the equivalent slope equal to ES=tan [90°–arctan(g/af)] with g is the gravity acceleration (9.81 m/s2). af is the forward acceleration. EM is the equivalent body mass equal to [(af 2/g2)+1]0.5, and KT is the constant considering the characteristics of a grass field (1.29).Once the EC is known, the MP at any given moment can be easily obtained as follows:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eqn0002"></elsevierMultimedia>Heart Rate zones: First, the resting heart rate was obtained after 10 minutes of resting in the supine position (Polar T31, Kempele, Finland). Then the mean heart rate value in bpm was obtained during each sprint. Finally, the HRmax was calculated using the 208-0.7*age formula.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017">17</a>The calculation of the training zones was based on the HR reserve percentage (% HRres) using the following formula: HRres = (the coincidence of the mean HR - HR at rest) / (HRmax - HR at rest) x 100.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0018">18</a>Muscle Oxygenation Dynamics: Measurements were carried out with the portable NIRS sensor device with a sampling rate of 1 Hz (MOXY, Fortiori Design LLC, Minnesota, USA). NIRS uses the modified Beer-Lambert law to determine micromolar changes in tissue oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and total hemoglobin using differences in light absorption characteristics at 750 and 850 nm, calculated in terms of the SmO2 [expressed in % and calculated as oxyhemoglobin / (oxyhemoglobin + deoxyhemoglobin) × 100)]. The data were averaged based on 1 s, and a moving average (3 s) was applied to smooth the signal with the Golden Cheetah (GoldenCheetah version 3.4, USA). The raw SmO2 signal was treated with a soft spline filter to reduce the noise created by movement.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019">19</a> Using a Minitab 16 Statistical Software (2010). Additionally, real-time data monitoring (visible only to researchers) was used using the software via ANT+ technology.Muscle oxygenation dynamics analysis was performed in the gastrocnemius medialis (GM). GM represents a good aerobic capacity measured with NIRS <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">20</a> The device was connected with adhesive tape and wholly covered with a neoprene sleeve. Skinfold thickness was measured between the emitter and the detector using a skinfold caliper (Harpenden calipers, British Indicators, Hertfordshire, UK) to assess skin thickness and adipose tissue of GM. The GM skinfold thickness (9.3 ± 2.3 cm) was less than half the distance between the emitter and the detector in all cases. To calibrate and normalize values, the SmO2 on a functional scale of 0-100%, arterial occlusion method (AOM). The arterial occlusion tourniquet was placed on all participants' dominant leg at the thigh level following the previous guidelines.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0021">21</a> The tourniquet was performed with a pneumatic tourniquet (Rudolf Riester GmbH, DE) and remained inflated at >300 mmHg for 6 min to find the minimum SmO2 (SmO2min) and was determined through the average of 20 to 10 visible points in the plateau, after 6 min. The tourniquet was released, and an additional 3 min of measurement was performed to evaluate the hyperaemia response and find the maximum oxygen value (SmO2max) in 10 or 5 data points at the end after AOM.Before the start of RSA, the subjects stopped for 30 s, during which the SmO2 reference was established. For the RSA analysis, well-differentiated phases were identified: (a) the execution phase (phase 1), where a desaturation process was observed, represented by a downward slope; (b) a recovery phase (phase 2), where a re-saturation process was observed, characterized by an upward slope.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">10</a>For the analysis of muscle oxygen saturation dynamics, the following variables were calculated:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="celist0001"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0001">1.The desaturation rate, understood as the difference between the maximum (work interval) and minimum SmO2 values (rest interval) and divided by the duration of the work interval. Similarly, the re-saturation rate was defined as the difference between the minimum (rest interval) and maximum values of SmO2 (working interval), divided by the rest duration of the interval (20 s).</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0002">2.The percentage of SmO2 decrement from the desaturation and re-saturation values were obtained during each sprint using the difference between SmO2 at the start and end of the sprint. The SmO2 start value was considered 1 s before starting each series, while the SmO2 stop value was determined in the last second of the work interval of each sprint with the following formula:<elsevierMultimedia ident="ueqn0003"></elsevierMultimedia></li></ul>▽% SmO2 should be interpreted as the % muscle oxygen extraction capacity from the anaerobic level.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">10</a>Body composition: A digital scale (Seca 225kg, Germany) and a portable stadiometer (Seca 220, Germany) were used to calculate body mass and height, respectively. The BMI was determined through height and weight according to the standard procedure (BMI= weight/height2, kg · m- 2). The same researcher measured subcutaneous fat in skinfolds and weight and height in the morning. Six subcutaneous fatty skinfold sites (abdominal, subscapular, iliac crest, calf, and thigh) were measured with a skinfold caliper (Harpenden, Mediflex, Iceland, NY, USA) on the left side of the body, following the recommendations of the International Biological. The value obtained at each site was the mean of three valid measurements.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0022">22</a> The sum of the six skinfolds and the percentage of the fat mass was calculated/assessed using the six subcutaneous fatty skinfolds Yuhasz, 1974:<elsevierMultimedia ident="ueqn0004"></elsevierMultimedia>Later, different fat percentage groups were established (level 1= <9 %; level 2= 9.1 to 11.5%; and level 3= >11.6%) (see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig. 1</a>), which can be approximated to level 1= highly trained soccer players, level 2= competitive level footballers and level 3= amateur footballers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023">23</a><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0001"></elsevierMultimedia>Design and proceduresThis study followed a cross-sectional observational design aiming to relationships between RSA and SmO2 studied, using physiological response of HR, %HR and mechanical responses based on time and individual speed during RSA. All tests were carried out on a heated sports court with an ambient temperature of 16–19 °C and relative humidity of 40%–50%, respectively. Data were obtained during the preseason. RSA stimuli were performed with the following criteria to avoid possible biases: a) a minimum of 48 hours of rest, after the last training was a recovery load [i.e., evaluations were carried out on Tuesday or Wednesday, depending on the day a game was played (Saturday or Sunday)], and the test was carried out before training to try to guarantee maximum recovery and (b) participants were instructed not to consume alcohol or caffeine 24 h before each test and maintain habitual sleep habits to avoid a decrease in performance. The participants were divided into six workgroups to guarantee considerable measurement time for each player.StatisticalA descriptive analysis of the variables was performed during the test expressed as mean ± SD. Analysis of variance, followed by Tukey post hoc tests, was used to compare the eight sprints of the RSA test. This approach allowed us to make comparisons between the baseline (Second Sprint) and the other sprints. This is due to the fact that the first sprint is always different from the other sprints, because an intramuscular pressure occurs that abruptly decreases the SmO2. Measurement error was expressed in “typical percentage error” (TE) and “minimum detectable change” (MDC). The typical error was calculated by dividing the SD of the difference score by √2. This specific percentage error is a coefficient of variation and is considered highly reliable if less than 5%. MDC values [also referred to as the “smallest detectable difference (SMD)], which reflects the magnitude of change necessary to provide confidence that the change was not resultant of random variation or measurement error, were calculated as 1.96*√2*TE.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0024">24</a> Then, a comparative analysis of the mechanical variables, HR% and ▽% SmO2 is applied for the three groups of fat percentage (level 1 = <9%; level 2 = 9.1 -11.5, level 3 => 11.6). Furthermore, to analyze the influence of the Muscle Oxygenation variables with variables of EC, MP, and performance, Multiple regression (Stepwise) analyses were performed. This was determined by the researcher, based on the factor within-subjects (behavior of the variable), Pearson's correlation coefficient >0.50, and a significance p-value of <0.05 (Supplementary Table 1), along with this the percentage of prediction between variables with R2. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics V.22.0.Results<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0001">Table 1</a> shows the descriptive values of the sample, represented by the mean and standard deviation. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0002">Table 2</a> represents the mean ± standard deviation for each of the sprints. First, differences are observed between the first and second sprints in all the external load variables (Time, Speed, Energy Cost, and Metabolic power). Likewise, the HR obtained changes in each of the sprints. And the desaturation rate there were only changes between 1st sprint and 3rd sprint (Δ= 2.17 p= 0.035) and 8 (Δ= 2.40 p= 0.010), the re-saturation rate between 1st sprint and 3rd, 4th, and 8th sprints and the ▽%SmO2 with between 1st sprint and all other sprints.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0001"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0002"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0003"></elsevierMultimedia>Changes from 2ndsprint were also observed to identify the important points, where we found a decrease in performance (time and speed) from sprint 4 (Δ= -2.53 p= 0.018) and (Δ= 0.12 p= 0.021) respectively. Likewise, the decrease in EC (Δ= 0.88 p= 0.025) and MP (Δ= 7.23 p= 0.027) occurs from the 5th sprint. Regarding the SmO2 variables, they were identified in the re-saturation rate at the 5th sprint (0.166-0.024) and at the 8th sprint (Δ= 0.174 p=0.030) and the ▽%SmO2 at the 8th sprint (Δ= -12.92 p= 0.028), all in compared to the second sprint.Also, considering that all subjects responded to the MDC, we found that performance decreases from the 5th sprint to the last sprint, and its associated speed begins to drop from the 6th sprint. Regarding SmO2 variables, the MDC of the reoxygenation rate was only at the 8th sprint and the oxygen extraction (▽%SmO2) at the 4th and 8th sprint. The response was highly variable for the SmO2, and there is no clear answer about the most significant changes. Likewise, in terms of heart rate, all the subjects responded in the first three sprints, then there are no significant changes due to entering high-intensity zones.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0002">Fig. 2</a> shows the evolution of oxygen extraction, heart rate, energy cost, and metabolic power during RSA. The results were divided into a group of body fat %. First, in relation to oxygen extraction (▽%SmO2), from the 4th sprint, greater oxygen extraction is observed with lower levels of body fat: Tukey's multiple comparisons between Group level 1 vs. Group level 3 (Δ= -13; 95% CI= -20 to -6, p= 0.014) and Group level 1 vs. Group level 2 (Δ= 9.6; 95% CI= 2.0 to 17; p= 0.018).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0002"></elsevierMultimedia>Heart rate shows a difference in the first sprints: Tukey's multiple comparisons between Group level 1 vs. Group level 3 (Δ= -3.9; 95%CI= -6.2 to -1.7; p= 0.003), Group level 2 vs. Group level 3 (Δ = 2.1; 95%CI= 0.29 to 3.9; p= 0.026) and Group level 2 vs. Group level 1 (Δ= 6.0; 95% CI= 3.5 to 8.5; p= 0.000) from the 5th sprint there are no differences between groups where the high intensity zones relative to HR reserve % begins.Regarding EC and MP, the difference is observed in the 6th, 7 and 8 sprint: Tukey's multiple comparisons between Group level 3 vs. Group level 1 (Δ = -4.6 95% CI = -6.2 to -2.9 p = 0.000) and Group level 3 vs. Group level 2 (Δ = -3.6 95% CI = -5.4 to -1.8 p = 0.001).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0003">Fig. 3</a> presents the box-and-whisker plot of the equivalent index's mean values and anaerobic index through the body fat % groups. In graph a) a difference of the equivalent index is observed between-group level 1 vs group level 3 (Δ = 1.01 p = 0.034) and in graph b) that represents the anaerobic index differences were found between group level 1 vs group level 3 (Δ = -0.06 p = 0.043).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0003"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0003">Table 3</a> represents the multiple linear regression explanation models for external load and performance based on SmO2 and heart rate variables. It is shown that SmO2 better predicted energy cost, metabolic power, speed, and total time than heart rate during the test, with a prediction percentage of 57% (EC), 61% (MP), 59% (Speed) and 59% (TT sec).DiscussionThis is the first study that related SmO2 dynamics with variables of energy cost and metabolic power associated with speed. %Body fat stands out as a contaminating performance variable that can influence the ability of muscle oxygen extraction to maintain high speed during RSA.Regarding <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0002">Table 2</a>, it indicates that the performance decrease in EC, MP, total time, and muscle oxygenation begins from the 4th and 5th sprint, results are similar to previous studies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">10</a> this is due to the time factor (> 1 m) of the test as a causative agent of fatigue and decrease in PCr and glycolytic pathways<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">25</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0026">26</a> necessary to satisfy the energy demand of the sprint. Also, during the first sprints there is a decrease of Intramuscular oxygen partial pressure (IPO2), which causes immediate desaturation. Then the oxidative phosphorylation pathway begins and an increase in blood flow due to the hyperemic response; this phenomenon is associated with the ability to remove and buffer H+ ions and the ability to replace intramuscular PCr.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0027">27</a> Interestingly, these HR stages no longer detect the MDC and have begun a slow increase in VO2 and HR kinetics due to the high-intensity. Likewise, in ▽%SmO2 a decrease in the values is observed as the test progresses compared to the 1st sprint. Other studies have explored the communication between the decline in SmO2 and the increase in HR as a function of athletes' speed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028">28</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029">29</a> However, they do not interpret muscle oxygenation with changes in metabolic pathways because HR discriminates the training zones, but SmO2 decreases and increases with movement, regardless of slow HR kinetics during high-intensity exercise.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">10</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028">28</a> This is one of the problems of interpretation of data variability, and this does not allow an adequate analysis of performance in scientific studies; authors have discarded it as a performance factor.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0032">32</a> while other authors promote it as an observable variable product of the impact of speed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030">30–32</a> In this regard, our research found that SmO2 variables better predicted performance: EC, PM, and total time. However, our study used the MDC, with which we can know athletes respond to the true change (%) in each of the sprints. The ▽% SmO2 was observed as the most sensitive parameter, where we found differences in each sprint and not in the desaturation rate and re-saturation rate as previously described.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">10</a>Consequently, we were able to observe in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0002">Fig. 2</a> a greater ▽% SmO2 with a lower body fat, (<9% fat) from the 4th sprint compared to group levels 2 and 3 (>9% fat). This can be explained for two reasons: 1) it has been observed higher SmO2 values in subjects with greater adipose tissue,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0013">13</a> however this is not very likely, because the sample obtained a mean calf skinfold 9.3 mm (see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0001">Table 1</a>), which is considered low and with good reproducibility and sensitivity for measurements with the MOXY instrument<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0033">33</a> and 2) the activation of type II fibers is better in high trained subjects with less body fat %<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0034">34</a> in addition, have a greater capacity to extract oxygen through the glycolytic pathway, and not the type I fibers that depend more of the HHB or increase SmO2 that indicates the “oxidative phosporylation”,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035">35–37</a> this is more likely to have occurred in our study, because similarly, together with the extraction of muscle oxygen, a better performance was obtained in the equivalent index and anaerobic index (See <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0003">Fig. 3</a>). In general, anaerobic systems can produce high metabolic power but have limited energy capacity. In contrast, the aerobic system has a large capacity, but is characterized by considerably less peak power and inertia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0038">38</a>In this same context, lower HR values were observed in group level 1 (body fat %), this means that a greater ▽%SmO2 by glycolytic route compensates the cardiac output,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0039">39</a> studies such as Casazza et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">40</a> and Vasquez-Bonilla et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0041">41</a> support this foundation since subjects with a lower body fat can metabolize ATP energy faster through the anaerobic metabolism (glucose) in a short time; this also delays the activation of type I fibers that are dependent on oxygen and increase the blood flow<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0042">42</a> at the end of the RSA tests.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">10</a> However, without measurements of the contributions of the energy pathways,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0043">43</a> it is difficult to know the performance of one metabolic substrate or another.Finally, for the performance prediction employing SmO2, it depends on the body fat % as a variable that contaminates performance; heart rate may not have much relevance in interpreting the decrease in EC, and MP is currently used. Recent studies such as that of Paquette et al., (2018) highlighted the importance of using peripheral adaptations during short and long events since they were able to predict performance through muscle oxygenation by multiple regression analysis. The ▽% SmO2 with NIRS is a predictor of metabolic performance that approximates VO2max and energy expenditure. However, we suggest that with portable NIRS we will obtain better results in the information when interpreting the physiological adaptations of peripheral form and fatigue resistance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012">12</a> However, we need more studies as in real game situations.LimitationsThis study must be seen in the light of some limitations. The main limitation was the lack of information regarding movement tracking monitoring to detect changes in acceleration and deceleration during the tests, especially at 5–10 meters; and the measurement of the resting VO2 and lactic acid, which are factors that influence capacity of muscle oxygenation. Also, we could explore mechanisms related to fatigue of the central nervous system that may have an important influence with energy systems to determine the interaction of SmO2 dynamics with EC and MP during the high intensity shown in the RSA.ConclusionConsidering the results of this study, it's proposed to measure SmO2 dynamics and ▽% SmO2 as a physiological variable for to find potential differences in sport performance, because when the energy cost and metabolic power begins to decrease, so does the increase in muscle oxygen extraction during repeated sprints in footballers.Therefore, SmO2 seems more promising than %RH as an indicator of internal load during high-intensity running. In addition, we address the influence of having a low body fat % during the season, since it greatly influences the players speed, together with the ability to oxygenate the muscles.Ethics approvalThe study design was approved by the Bioethical and Biosecurity Commission of the University of Extremadura (Reg. Code 131/2018).FundingThis study has been supported by the Government of Extremadura with a grant from the European Regional Development Fund (Ref: GR21189).Data available statementThe data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author, [initials]. The data are not publicly available due to [restrictions e.g. their containing information that could compromise the privacy of research participants]." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1805653" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abss0001" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1578088" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0001" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0002" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0003" "titulo" => "Participants" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0004" "titulo" => "Measures" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Design and procedures" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0006" "titulo" => "Statistical" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0007" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0008" "titulo" => "Discussion" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0009" "titulo" => "Limitations" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0011" "titulo" => "Ethics approval" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0012" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0013" "titulo" => "Data available statement" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2022-04-25" "fechaAceptado" => "2022-10-03" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1578088" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Near-infrared spectroscopy" 1 => "Oxygen" 2 => "Body fat, Energy cost" 3 => "Football" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "The aim of this study was to analyse the muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) dynamics during a repeated-sprint ability (RSA) protocol (8 sprints x 20 meters, 20 s recovery) using near-infrared spectroscopy. Twenty-five footballers were grouped according to the levels of body-fat percentage (level 1: <9%; level 2: 9.1–11.5%; and level 3: >11.6%) from the Spanish third division participated. During RSA, energy cost (EC), metabolic power (MP), speed and total time as external load were measured. Desaturation and resaturation rates and muscular oxygen extraction (▽% SmO2) of the gastrocnemius muscle, along with heart rate (HR) were used as indicators of internal load. ▽% SmO2 was identified as the most sensitive variable to detect the minimal change during RSA. Footballers with a lower fat percentage (level 1) achieved a higher ▽% SmO2 after the 4th sprint (Δ= –13; p= 0.001) and (Δ= 9.6; p= 0.017) vs level 2 and level 3, respectively. SmO2 was related to EC (r2= 0.57 p= 0.005), MP (r2= 0.61 p= 0.003), speed (r2= 0.59 p= 0.004) and total time (r2= 0.59 p= 0.004). Therefore, SmO2 was a better indicator of internal load than HR during RSA. The ▽% SmO2 can be used as a parameter to explore potential differences in footballers' RSA performance. Besides, we highlighted the relevance of measuring the body-fat percentage, since it is a variable that affects performance by disturbing ▽% SmO2, altering the ability to resist repeated high-speed bouts (sprints), a critical variable in football." ] ] "multimedia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0001" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 967 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 74155 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0001" "detalle" => "Fig " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Group differences based on body fat % level. Groups sample (level 1: n= 7; level 2: n=11 and level 3: n=7)." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0002" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1078 "Ancho" => 2917 "Tamanyo" => 239668 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0002" "detalle" => "Fig " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Influence of body fat % in the response of muscle oxygen extraction, heart rate, energy cost and metabolic power during the sprint-repetitions. Note: 1) RSA test graphs: a) muscle oxygen extraction, b) heart rate, c) metabolic power and d) energy cost. 2) 95% confidence interval: a) muscle oxygen extraction, b) heart rate, c) metabolic power and d) energy cost. Difference between low body fat % (level 1) vs higher body fat % (level 2 and level 3), (*) p value <0.05 statistically significant. Difference between the body fat % (level 2) vs the body fat % (level 3), (+) p value <0.05 statistically significant." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0003" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1064 "Ancho" => 2500 "Tamanyo" => 84734 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0003" "detalle" => "Fig " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Differences of equivalent Index and Anaerobic Index by groups of body fat % levels." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0001" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0004" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0001"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0002"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Media DS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0003"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Weight (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0004"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">74.8 ± 9.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0005"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Body Mass Index \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0006"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22.5 ± 2.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0007"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Fat % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0008"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.2 ± 2.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0009"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Fat Mass (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0010"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.1 ± 2.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0011"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Muscle mass (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0012"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33.2 ± 3.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0013"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Skinfold gastrucnemius (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0014"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.3 ± 2.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0015"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">SmO2 (%) Desaturation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0016"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29.2 ± 14.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0017"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">SmO2 (%) Reoxygenation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0018"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34.5 ± 15.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Descriptive variables of body composition and SmO2 in footballers" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0002" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0005" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Pos hoc: a= difference with sprint 1; b= difference with sprint 2 and * difference using the MDC between the first three sprints" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0019"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0020"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Time (s) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0021"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Speed (m/s) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0022"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Energy Cost J.kg.m−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0023"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Metabolic Power W.kg−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0024"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Heart Rate (bmp) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0025"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Heart Rate reserve (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0026"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Desaturation rate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0027"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Re-saturation Rate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0028"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">%V SmO2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0029"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Sprint 1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0030"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3,48 ± 0.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0031"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">5.04 ± 0.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0032"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.53 ± 0.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0033"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">20.6 ± 5.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0034"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">134 ± 11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0035"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">54 ± 7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0036"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">-0,25 ± 3.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0037"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.05 ± 0.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0038"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">-8.9 ± 39.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0039"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Sprint 2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0040"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.33 ± 0.33 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0041"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">5.07 ± 0.58 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0042"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">4.14 ±1.12 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0043"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">25.7 ±9.2*a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0044"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">145 ± 1*a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0045"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">63 ± 10*a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0046"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1.29 ± 1.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0047"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">-0.20 ± 0.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0048"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">10.6 ± 14.9 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0049"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Sprint 3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0050"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.38 ± 0.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0051"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">5.00 ± 0.42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0052"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.84 ±0.74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0053"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">23.1 ± 6.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0054"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">154 ± 13*a,b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0055"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">70 ± 9*a,b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0056"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1.91 ± 1.30 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0057"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">-0.31 ± 0.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0058"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">20.5 ± 14.4* a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0059"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Sprint 4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0060"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.49 ± 0.23 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0061"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">4.88 ± 0.40 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0062"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.51 ±0.75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0063"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">20.5 ± 6.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0064"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">158 ± 12a,b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0065"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">73 ±9a,b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0066"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2.16 ± 1.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0067"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">-0.37 ± 0.26 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0068"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">24.4 ± 15.6* a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0069"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Sprint 5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0070"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.58 ± 0.26* \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0071"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">4.92 ± 0.37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0072"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.26 ±0.61*b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0073"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">18.4 ± 4.7* b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0074"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">162 ± 12a,b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0075"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">76 ± 8a,b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0076"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1.63 ± 1.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0077"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">-0.29 ± 0.23 a,b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0078"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">18.0 ± 10.7 ª \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0079"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Sprint 6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0080"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.46 ± 0.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0081"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">4.80± 0.40* \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0082"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.60 ± 0.70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0083"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">21.1 ± 5.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0084"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">163 ± 11a,b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0085"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">77 ± 8 a,b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0086"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1.78 ± 1.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0087"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">-0.30 ± 0.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0088"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">19.4 ± 14.3* a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0089"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Sprint 7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0090"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.37 ± 0.28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0091"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">4.85 ± 0.49* \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0092"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.93 ±0.90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0093"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">23.9 ± 7.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0094"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">165± 11a,b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0095"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">78 ± 8 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0096"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1.65 ± 1.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0097"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">-0.27 ± 0.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0098"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">18.2 ± 12.7 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0099"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Sprint 8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0100"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.62 ± 0.31* \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0101"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">4.81 ± 0.49* \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0102"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.21 ± 0.78 * \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0103"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">18.2 ±6.1* \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0104"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">164± 12a,b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0105"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">78 ± 9a,b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0106"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2.10 ± 1.19 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0107"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">-0.38 ± 0.19*a,b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0108"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">23.5 ± 12.4 *a b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0109"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">MDC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0110"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.18 (5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0111"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.21 (4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0112"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.53 (15%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0113"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">5.5 (24%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0114"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">7 (4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0115"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">4 (5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0116"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1.05 (58%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0117"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.18 (-70%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0118"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">8 (49%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0119"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">SEM \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0120"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.06 (2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0121"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.07 (2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0122"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.19 (5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0123"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1.9 (9%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0124"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2 (1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0125"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1.5 (2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0126"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.38 (21%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0127"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.06 (-25%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0128"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3 (17%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Workload response during repeated-sprint in footballers" ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0003" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0006" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0129"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Variables Body Fat % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0130"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">External Load</th><a name="en0131"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Perfomance</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0132"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Internal Load- Physiological \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0133"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Energy Cost J.kg.m−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0134"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Metabolic Power W.Kg −1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0135"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Speed (m/s) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0136"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total time (sec) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0137"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">%V SmO2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0138"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">r= 0.76 r2=0.57 SE= 0.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0139"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">r= 0.78 r2=0.61 SE= 2.56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0140"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">r= 0.79 r2=0.59 SE= 0.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0141"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">r= 0.77 r2=0.59 SE= 0.77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0142"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Desaturation rate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0143"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">F= 7.94 p= 0.005 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0144"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">F= 7.84 p= 0.003 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0145"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">F= 8.18 p= 0.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0146"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">F= 6.93 p= 0.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0147"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Re-saturation Rate</td><a name="en0148"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">(k) 3.610 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0149"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">(k) 21.320 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0150"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">(k) 5.793 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0151"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">(k) 27.794 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0153"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.015 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0154"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.117 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0155"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.008 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0156"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">-0.040 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0158"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.165 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0159"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">25.558 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0160"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1.732 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0161"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">-8.013 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0163"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">19.162 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0164"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">154.788 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0165"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">10.478 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0166"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">-48.442 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0167"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Heart Rate (ppm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0168"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">r= 0.43 r2=0.18 SE= 0.42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0169"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">r= 0.43 r2=0.19 SE= 3.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0170"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">r= 0.40 r2=0.16 SE= 0.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0171"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">r= 0.38 r2=0.15 SE= 1.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0172"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Heart Rate Reserve (%)</td><a name="en0173"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">F= 1.16 p= 0.223 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0174"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">F= 1.72 p= 0.211 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0175"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">F= 1.45 p= 0.264 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0176"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">F= 1.32 p= 0.294 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0178"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">(k) 0.454 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0179"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">(k) -4,311 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0180"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">(k) 4.095 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0181"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">(k) 35.570 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0183"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.070 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0184"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.568 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0185"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.037 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0186"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">-0.165 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0188"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">-0.106 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0189"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">-0.871 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0190"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">-0.055 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0191"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.246 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Performance prediction based on heart rate and muscle oxygen saturation, and using body fat percentage as a relevant variable during RSA." ] ] 6 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eqn0001" "etiqueta" => "(1)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "EC=(155.4·ES5−30.4·ES4−43.3·ES3+46.3·ES2+19.5·ES+3.6)EM·KT" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si1.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 201 "Alto" => 31 "Ancho" => 319 ] ] 7 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Original Article

Influence of fat percentage on muscle oxygen uptake and metabolic power during repeated-sprint ability of footballers

Aldo A. Vasquez-bonillaa,

Corresponding author

alvasquezb@unex.es

Corresponding author at: University of Extremadura, Av. Universidad s/n, Faculty of Sport Science, 10003 Caceres, Extremadura, Spain.

, Daniel Rojas-Valverdeb, Rafael Timona, Guillermo Olcinaa

a Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Av. Universidad s/n, Cáceres, 10003, Spain

b Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica

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          "en" => "<p id="spara002" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Influence of body fat &#37; in the response of muscle oxygen extraction&#44; heart rate&#44; energy cost and metabolic power during the sprint-repetitions&#46;</p> <p id="spara003" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Note&#58; 1&#41; RSA test graphs&#58; a&#41; muscle oxygen extraction&#44; b&#41; heart rate&#44; c&#41; metabolic power and d&#41; energy cost&#46; 2&#41; 95&#37; confidence interval&#58; a&#41; muscle oxygen extraction&#44; b&#41; heart rate&#44; c&#41; metabolic power and d&#41; energy cost&#46;</p> <p id="spara004" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Difference between low body fat &#37; &#40;level 1&#41; vs higher body fat &#37; &#40;level 2 and level 3&#41;&#44; &#40;&#42;&#41; p value &#60;0&#46;05 statistically significant&#46; Difference between the body fat &#37; &#40;level 2&#41; vs the body fat &#37; &#40;level 3&#41;&#44; &#40;&#43;&#41; p value &#60;0&#46;05 statistically significant&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0003">Introduction</span><p id="para0001" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years&#44; interest has increased in studying the repeated sprint ability &#40;RSA&#41; of footballers as a fundamental variable in team sports&#46; RSA are characterized by high intensity actions interspersed with short recovery times&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Considering the actual football competitive demands&#44; players cover more distance at high speed&#44; therefore need better performance to withstand high intensity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Although&#44; RSAs don&#39;t usually appear frequently during full-time play due to the high energy demand this implies&#46; RSA can be considered as an independent variable in the soccer training process&#44; as it works as a means to develop acceleration&#44; speed&#44; explosive power of the legs&#44; aerobic power and high running performance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In addition&#44; it directly intervenes in muscle metabolism by improving maximum oxygen uptake&#44; phosphocreatine &#40;PCr&#41; restoration and the glycolytic pathway&#46; This is decisive for the physical performance as it improvement the recovery during sprints&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In football&#44; RSA testing is typically characterized by short-distance not exceeding 20 meters&#44; with short recovery periods &#40;&#60;30 seconds&#41;&#46; This is important since the combination of very high intensity actions together with insufficient recovery periods generates stresses on muscle metabolic processes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and results in the development of neuromuscular fatigue&#46;</p><p id="para0002" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When evaluating performance using an RSA&#44; external load indicators such as best time&#44; total time&#44; and fatigue index are often measured&#46; However&#44; to understand the response to muscle energy demands&#44; some internal load parameters such as heart rate &#40;HR&#41; and maximum oxygen consumption &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#41; should be also monitored&#46; These internal load variables together with the external load variables would give us a better overview of the decrease in RSA due to fatigue accumulation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> HR is a physiological variable widely used in football&#44; but HR cannot determine muscle energy capacity during intermittent high-intensity activities such as sprinting and passive recovery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> For this reason&#44; the development of theoretical models and software allow knowing other variables as energy cost &#40;EC&#41; and metabolic power &#40;MP&#41;&#44; which indirectly assess energy metabolism through the distance covered&#44; speed and accelerometry during training and matches&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> It has been shown that MP analysis can be useful to adequately assess professional player&#180;s performance limitations&#44; especially during high-intensity actions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Furthermore&#44; MP represents the required ATP hydrolysis rate to develop the muscular work needed during running&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="para0003" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Non-invasive technology such as near infrared spectroscopy &#40;NIRS&#41; is used to evaluate muscle metabolism&#44; which allows the measurement of muscle oxygen saturation &#40;SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The interest in evaluating SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> is due to its ability to discriminate metabolic changes within the muscle related to oxygen transport during high-intensity actions&#46; In repeated-sprint activities&#44; it has been proposed to measure the mean rates of desaturation &#40;during the sprint&#41; and re-saturation &#40;during recovery between sprints&#41; as indicators of metabolic performance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Furthermore&#44; slower reoxygenation indicates that there is a slower recovery of intramuscular phosphates that are required for high-intensity exercise at levels prior to sprinting exercise lower performance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Besides&#44; some factors such as high values &#8203;&#8203;of body fat &#37; and less muscle mass &#40;body composition&#41; affect performance of aerobic and anaerobic capacity&#44; intermittent endurance capacity&#44; RSA&#44; small-side games and football specific activities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0011"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Likewise&#44; the muscle oxygenation capacity is influenced by adipose tissue&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0013"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> because greater adipose tissue affects muscle oxygen trapping during exercise&#46;</p><p id="para0004" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; we hypothesize that SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> is related to energy cost&#44; metabolic power&#44; heart rate&#44; and performance during RSA&#46; We also consider the body fat &#37; as a variable that intervenes in performance due to its relationship with a better muscle oxygenation capacity and force production&#46; This study aimed to 1&#41; explore the potential relationship between energy cost and metabolic power with SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> dynamics during a RSA&#59; 2&#41; determine the degree of influence of fat percentage on muscle oxygen transport during RSA in footballers&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0004">Methods</span><span id="sec0003" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0005">Participants</span><p id="para0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twenty-five footballers &#40;age 22&#46;4 &#177; 2&#46;6 years&#44; body weight 74&#46;8 &#177; 9&#46;9 kg&#44; height 1&#46;81 &#177; 0&#46;07 m&#44; medial calf skinfold 9&#46;3 &#177; 2&#46;3 mm&#44; experience 8&#46;5 &#177; 1&#46;8 years&#41; were assessed&#46; Participants competed in the Spanish third division&#46; The exclusion criterion was that the players did not have at least three months before the measurement a serious illness or disease and a recent musculoskeletal injury that could affect the SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> evaluation&#46; Football players signed the informed consent form and agreed to all protocol risks and benefits of this study&#46; The Institutional Review Board of the University of Extremadura approved the protocol &#40;Registration No&#46;&#58; 131&#47;2018&#41; following the Declaration of Helsinki&#39;s principles&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0006">Measures</span><p id="para0006" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Repeated-Sprint Ability Test&#58;</span> The RSA test followed guidelines according to the University of Wolverhampton &#40;United Kingdom&#41; and as previously reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> First&#44; the players performed a standardized warm-up as advised by the fitness coach&#46; Players were instructed to run at maximum for each sprint&#46; RSA involved eight&#8239;&#215;&#8239;20 m maximum straight-line sprints followed by a 20 s semi-active recovery period&#46; This protocol was validated and proposed by Aziz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Players were instructed to run through the time gates and slow down only after being well away from the photocell instead &#40;Witty&#44; Microgate&#44; Italy&#41;&#46; The players then recovered within 10 meters and returned to the nearest line to begin the next sprint&#46;</p><p id="para0007" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The electronic photocell gates were adjusted according to the participant&#39;s hip height and placed 1&#46;2 m apart between each cell&#46; The tripods instead placed at the zero and 20 m marks and connected to an electronic timer with the sampling rate of 0&#46;01 s&#46; The time for each sprint and total time were evaluated as a performance factor&#46; This protocol demonstrated that the time of total sprint was highly reproducible &#40;Intraclass coefficient&#44; r&#58; 0&#46;98 &#40;95&#37;&#58; 0&#46;96-0&#46;99&#41; and typical error 0&#46;42 sec &#40;95&#37;&#58; 0&#46;32-0&#46;62 s&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="para0008" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Energy Cost and Metabolic Power&#58;</span> EC and MP were evaluated based on speed&#44; as referenced in other studies that use GPS&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0016"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> but it can be exported when using photocell gates that are direct measurements&#46; The energy cost &#40;EC in J&#47; kg&#47;m&#41; and MP &#40;in W&#47;kg&#41; were evaluated during both situations using the first algorithm of Osgnach et al&#46;&#44; &#40;2010&#41; According to this approach&#44; the energy cost can be defined as&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eqn0001"></elsevierMultimedia>where EC is the energy cost of accelerated running on flat terrain &#40;J&#47;kg&#47;m&#41;&#44; ES is the equivalent slope equal to ES&#61;tan &#91;90&#176;&#8211;arctan&#40;g&#47;af&#41;&#93; with g is the gravity acceleration &#40;9&#46;81&#8201;m&#47;s2&#41;&#46; af is the forward acceleration&#46; EM is the equivalent body mass equal to &#91;&#40;af <span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#47;g<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#43;1&#93;0&#46;5&#44; and KT is the constant considering the characteristics of a grass field &#40;1&#46;29&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0009" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once the EC is known&#44; the MP at any given moment can be easily obtained as follows&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eqn0002"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="para0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Heart Rate zones&#58;</span> First&#44; the resting heart rate was obtained after 10 minutes of resting in the supine position &#40;Polar T31&#44; Kempele&#44; Finland&#41;&#46; Then the mean heart rate value in bpm was obtained during each sprint&#46; Finally&#44; the HRmax was calculated using the 208-0&#46;7&#42;age formula&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="para0011" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The calculation of the training zones was based on the HR reserve percentage &#40;&#37; HRres&#41; using the following formula&#58; HRres&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#40;the coincidence of the mean HR - HR at rest&#41; &#47; &#40;HRmax - HR at rest&#41; x 100&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0018"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="para0012" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Muscle Oxygenation Dynamics&#58;</span> Measurements were carried out with the portable NIRS sensor device with a sampling rate of 1 Hz &#40;MOXY&#44; Fortiori Design LLC&#44; Minnesota&#44; USA&#41;&#46; NIRS uses the modified Beer-Lambert law to determine micromolar changes in tissue oxyhemoglobin&#44; deoxyhemoglobin&#44; and total hemoglobin using differences in light absorption characteristics at 750 and 850 nm&#44; calculated in terms of the SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#91;expressed in &#37; and calculated as oxyhemoglobin &#47; &#40;oxyhemoglobin&#8239;&#43;&#8239;deoxyhemoglobin&#41;&#8239;&#215;&#8239;100&#41;&#93;&#46; The data were averaged based on 1 s&#44; and a moving average &#40;3 s&#41; was applied to smooth the signal with the Golden Cheetah &#40;GoldenCheetah version 3&#46;4&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The raw SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> signal was treated with a soft spline filter to reduce the noise created by movement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Using a Minitab 16 Statistical Software &#40;2010&#41;&#46; Additionally&#44; real-time data monitoring &#40;visible only to researchers&#41; was used using the software via ANT&#43; technology&#46;</p><p id="para0013" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Muscle oxygenation dynamics analysis was performed in the gastrocnemius medialis &#40;GM&#41;&#46; GM represents a good aerobic capacity measured with NIRS <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> The device was connected with adhesive tape and wholly covered with a neoprene sleeve&#46; Skinfold thickness was measured between the emitter and the detector using a skinfold caliper &#40;Harpenden calipers&#44; British Indicators&#44; Hertfordshire&#44; UK&#41; to assess skin thickness and adipose tissue of GM&#46; The GM skinfold thickness &#40;9&#46;3 &#177; 2&#46;3 cm&#41; was less than half the distance between the emitter and the detector in all cases&#46; To calibrate and normalize values&#44; the SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> on a functional scale of 0-100&#37;&#44; arterial occlusion method &#40;AOM&#41;&#46; The arterial occlusion tourniquet was placed on all participants&#39; dominant leg at the thigh level following the previous guidelines&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0021"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> The tourniquet was performed with a pneumatic tourniquet &#40;Rudolf Riester GmbH&#44; DE&#41; and remained inflated at &#62;300 mmHg for 6 min to find the minimum SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>min&#41; and was determined through the average of 20 to 10 visible points in the plateau&#44; after 6 min&#46; The tourniquet was released&#44; and an additional 3 min of measurement was performed to evaluate the hyperaemia response and find the maximum oxygen value &#40;SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max&#41; in 10 or 5 data points at the end after AOM&#46;</p><p id="para0014" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before the start of RSA&#44; the subjects stopped for 30 s&#44; during which the SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> reference was established&#46; For the RSA analysis&#44; well-differentiated phases were identified&#58; &#40;a&#41; the execution phase &#40;phase 1&#41;&#44; where a desaturation process was observed&#44; represented by a downward slope&#59; &#40;b&#41; a recovery phase &#40;phase 2&#41;&#44; where a re-saturation process was observed&#44; characterized by an upward slope&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="para0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the analysis of muscle oxygen saturation dynamics&#44; the following variables were calculated&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="celist0001"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0001"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="para0016" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The desaturation rate&#44; understood as the difference between the maximum &#40;work interval&#41; and minimum SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values &#40;rest interval&#41; and divided by the duration of the work interval&#46; Similarly&#44; the re-saturation rate was defined as the difference between the minimum &#40;rest interval&#41; and maximum values of SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;working interval&#41;&#44; divided by the rest duration of the interval &#40;20 s&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0002"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="para0017" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The percentage of SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> decrement from the desaturation and re-saturation values were obtained during each sprint using the difference between SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at the start and end of the sprint&#46; The SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> start value was considered 1 s before starting each series&#44; while the SmO2 stop value was determined in the last second of the work interval of each sprint with the following formula&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="ueqn0003"></elsevierMultimedia></p></li></ul></p><p id="para0018" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#9661;&#37; SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> should be interpreted as the &#37; muscle oxygen extraction capacity from the anaerobic level&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="para0019" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Body composition&#58;</span> A digital scale &#40;Seca 225kg&#44; Germany&#41; and a portable stadiometer &#40;Seca 220&#44; Germany&#41; were used to calculate body mass and height&#44; respectively&#46; The BMI was determined through height and weight according to the standard procedure &#40;BMI&#61; weight&#47;height2&#44; kg &#183; m- 2&#41;&#46; The same researcher measured subcutaneous fat in skinfolds and weight and height in the morning&#46; Six subcutaneous fatty skinfold sites &#40;abdominal&#44; subscapular&#44; iliac crest&#44; calf&#44; and thigh&#41; were measured with a skinfold caliper &#40;Harpenden&#44; Mediflex&#44; Iceland&#44; NY&#44; USA&#41; on the left side of the body&#44; following the recommendations of the International Biological&#46; The value obtained at each site was the mean of three valid measurements&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0022"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> The sum of the six skinfolds and the percentage of the fat mass was calculated&#47;assessed using the six subcutaneous fatty skinfolds Yuhasz&#44; 1974&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="ueqn0004"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="para0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Later&#44; different fat percentage groups were established &#40;level 1&#61; &#60;9 &#37;&#59; level 2&#61; 9&#46;1 to 11&#46;5&#37;&#59; and level 3&#61; &#62;11&#46;6&#37;&#41; &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; which can be approximated to level 1&#61; highly trained soccer players&#44; level 2&#61; competitive level footballers and level 3&#61; amateur footballers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0001"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0007">Design and procedures</span><p id="para0021" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study followed a cross-sectional observational design aiming to relationships between RSA and SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> studied&#44; using physiological response of HR&#44; &#37;HR and mechanical responses based on time and individual speed during RSA&#46; All tests were carried out on a heated sports court with an ambient temperature of 16&#8211;19 &#176;C and relative humidity of 40&#37;&#8211;50&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; Data were obtained during the preseason&#46; RSA stimuli were performed with the following criteria to avoid possible biases&#58; a&#41; a minimum of 48 hours of rest&#44; after the last training was a recovery load &#91;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; evaluations were carried out on Tuesday or Wednesday&#44; depending on the day a game was played &#40;Saturday or Sunday&#41;&#93;&#44; and the test was carried out before training to try to guarantee maximum recovery and &#40;b&#41; participants were instructed not to consume alcohol or caffeine 24 h before each test and maintain habitual sleep habits to avoid a decrease in performance&#46; The participants were divided into six workgroups to guarantee considerable measurement time for each player&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0006" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0008">Statistical</span><p id="para0022" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A descriptive analysis of the variables was performed during the test expressed as mean &#177; SD&#46; Analysis of variance&#44; followed by Tukey post hoc tests&#44; was used to compare the eight sprints of the RSA test&#46; This approach allowed us to make comparisons between the baseline &#40;Second Sprint&#41; and the other sprints&#46; This is due to the fact that the first sprint is always different from the other sprints&#44; because an intramuscular pressure occurs that abruptly decreases the SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46; Measurement error was expressed in &#8220;typical percentage error&#8221; &#40;TE&#41; and &#8220;minimum detectable change&#8221; &#40;MDC&#41;&#46; The typical error was calculated by dividing the SD of the difference score by &#8730;2&#46; This specific percentage error is a coefficient of variation and is considered highly reliable if less than 5&#37;&#46; MDC values &#91;also referred to as the &#8220;smallest detectable difference &#40;SMD&#41;&#93;&#44; which reflects the magnitude of change necessary to provide confidence that the change was not resultant of random variation or measurement error&#44; were calculated as 1&#46;96&#42;&#8730;2&#42;TE&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0024"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Then&#44; a comparative analysis of the mechanical variables&#44; HR&#37; and &#9661;&#37; SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> is applied for the three groups of fat percentage &#40;level 1&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#60;9&#37;&#59; level 2&#8239;&#61;&#8239;9&#46;1 -11&#46;5&#44; level 3 &#61;&#62; 11&#46;6&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; to analyze the influence of the Muscle Oxygenation variables with variables of EC&#44; MP&#44; and performance&#44; Multiple regression &#40;Stepwise&#41; analyses were performed&#46; This was determined by the researcher&#44; based on the factor within-subjects &#40;behavior of the variable&#41;&#44; Pearson&#39;s correlation coefficient &#62;0&#46;50&#44; and a significance p-value of &#60;0&#46;05 &#40;Supplementary Table 1&#41;&#44; along with this the percentage of prediction between variables with R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics V&#46;22&#46;0&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0007" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0009">Results</span><p id="para0023" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0001">Table 1</a> shows the descriptive values of the sample&#44; represented by the mean and standard deviation&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0002">Table 2</a> represents the mean &#177; standard deviation for each of the sprints&#46; First&#44; differences are observed between the first and second sprints in all the external load variables &#40;Time&#44; Speed&#44; Energy Cost&#44; and Metabolic power&#41;&#46; Likewise&#44; the HR obtained changes in each of the sprints&#46; And the desaturation rate there were only changes between 1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">st</span> sprint and 3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">rd</span> sprint &#40;&#916;&#61; 2&#46;17 p&#61; 0&#46;035&#41; and 8 &#40;&#916;&#61; 2&#46;40 p&#61; 0&#46;010&#41;&#44; the re-saturation rate between 1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">st</span> sprint and 3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">rd</span>&#44; 4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th&#44;</span> and 8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> sprints and the &#9661;&#37;SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> with between 1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">st</span> sprint and all other sprints&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0001"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0002"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0003"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0024" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Changes from 2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">nd</span>sprint were also observed to identify the important points&#44; where we found a decrease in performance &#40;time and speed&#41; from sprint 4 &#40;&#916;&#61; -2&#46;53 p&#61; 0&#46;018&#41; and &#40;&#916;&#61; 0&#46;12 p&#61; 0&#46;021&#41; respectively&#46; Likewise&#44; the decrease in EC &#40;&#916;&#61; 0&#46;88 p&#61; 0&#46;025&#41; and MP &#40;&#916;&#61; 7&#46;23 p&#61; 0&#46;027&#41; occurs from the 5<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> sprint&#46; Regarding the SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> variables&#44; they were identified in the re-saturation rate at the 5<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> sprint &#40;0&#46;166-0&#46;024&#41; and at the 8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> sprint &#40;&#916;&#61; 0&#46;174 p&#61;0&#46;030&#41; and the &#9661;&#37;SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at the 8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> sprint &#40;&#916;&#61; -12&#46;92 p&#61; 0&#46;028&#41;&#44; all in compared to the second sprint&#46;</p><p id="para0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Also&#44; considering that all subjects responded to the MDC&#44; we found that performance decreases from the 5<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> sprint to the last sprint&#44; and its associated speed begins to drop from the 6<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> sprint&#46; Regarding SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> variables&#44; the MDC of the reoxygenation rate was only at the 8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> sprint and the oxygen extraction &#40;&#9661;&#37;SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; at the 4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> and 8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> sprint&#46; The response was highly variable for the SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; and there is no clear answer about the most significant changes&#46; Likewise&#44; in terms of heart rate&#44; all the subjects responded in the first three sprints&#44; then there are no significant changes due to entering high-intensity zones&#46;</p><p id="para0026" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0002">Fig&#46; 2</a> shows the evolution of oxygen extraction&#44; heart rate&#44; energy cost&#44; and metabolic power during RSA&#46; The results were divided into a group of body fat &#37;&#46; First&#44; in relation to oxygen extraction &#40;&#9661;&#37;SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; from the 4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> sprint&#44; greater oxygen extraction is observed with lower levels of body fat&#58; Tukey&#39;s multiple comparisons between Group level 1 vs&#46; Group level 3 &#40;&#916;&#61; -13&#59; 95&#37; CI&#61; -20 to -6&#44; p&#61; 0&#46;014&#41; and Group level 1 vs&#46; Group level 2 &#40;&#916;&#61; 9&#46;6&#59; 95&#37; CI&#61; 2&#46;0 to 17&#59; p&#61; 0&#46;018&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0002"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0027" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Heart rate shows a difference in the first sprints&#58; Tukey&#39;s multiple comparisons between Group level 1 vs&#46; Group level 3 &#40;&#916;&#61; -3&#46;9&#59; 95&#37;CI&#61; -6&#46;2 to -1&#46;7&#59; p&#61; 0&#46;003&#41;&#44; Group level 2 vs&#46; Group level 3 &#40;&#916;&#8239;&#61;&#8239;2&#46;1&#59; 95&#37;CI&#61; 0&#46;29 to 3&#46;9&#59; p&#61; 0&#46;026&#41; and Group level 2 vs&#46; Group level 1 &#40;&#916;&#61; 6&#46;0&#59; 95&#37; CI&#61; 3&#46;5 to 8&#46;5&#59; p&#61; 0&#46;000&#41; from the 5<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> sprint there are no differences between groups where the high intensity zones relative to HR reserve &#37; begins&#46;</p><p id="para0028" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding EC and MP&#44; the difference is observed in the 6th&#44; 7 and 8 sprint&#58; Tukey&#39;s multiple comparisons between Group level 3 vs&#46; Group level 1 &#40;&#916;&#8239;&#61;&#8239;-4&#46;6 95&#37; CI&#8239;&#61;&#8239;-6&#46;2 to -2&#46;9 p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;000&#41; and Group level 3 vs&#46; Group level 2 &#40;&#916;&#8239;&#61;&#8239;-3&#46;6 95&#37; CI&#8239;&#61;&#8239;-5&#46;4 to -1&#46;8 p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0029" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0003">Fig&#46; 3</a> presents the box-and-whisker plot of the equivalent index&#39;s mean values and anaerobic index through the body fat &#37; groups&#46; In graph a&#41; a difference of the equivalent index is observed between-group level 1 vs group level 3 &#40;&#916;&#8239;&#61;&#8239;1&#46;01 p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;034&#41; and in graph b&#41; that represents the anaerobic index differences were found between group level 1 vs group level 3 &#40;&#916;&#8239;&#61;&#8239;-0&#46;06 p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;043&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0003"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0003">Table 3</a> represents the multiple linear regression explanation models for external load and performance based on SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and heart rate variables&#46; It is shown that SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> better predicted energy cost&#44; metabolic power&#44; speed&#44; and total time than heart rate during the test&#44; with a prediction percentage of 57&#37; &#40;EC&#41;&#44; 61&#37; &#40;MP&#41;&#44; 59&#37; &#40;Speed&#41; and 59&#37; &#40;TT sec&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0008" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0010">Discussion</span><p id="para0031" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is the first study that related SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> dynamics with variables of energy cost and metabolic power associated with speed&#46; &#37;Body fat stands out as a contaminating performance variable that can influence the ability of muscle oxygen extraction to maintain high speed during RSA&#46;</p><p id="para0032" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0002">Table 2</a>&#44; it indicates that the performance decrease in EC&#44; MP&#44; total time&#44; and muscle oxygenation begins from the 4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> and 5<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> sprint&#44; results are similar to previous studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> this is due to the time factor &#40;&#62; 1 m&#41; of the test as a causative agent of fatigue and decrease in PCr and glycolytic pathways<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0026"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> necessary to satisfy the energy demand of the sprint&#46; Also&#44; during the first sprints there is a decrease of Intramuscular oxygen partial pressure &#40;IPO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; which causes immediate desaturation&#46; Then the oxidative phosphorylation pathway begins and an increase in blood flow due to the hyperemic response&#59; this phenomenon is associated with the ability to remove and buffer H&#43; ions and the ability to replace intramuscular PCr&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0027"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Interestingly&#44; these HR stages no longer detect the MDC and have begun a slow increase in VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and HR kinetics due to the high-intensity&#46; Likewise&#44; in &#9661;&#37;SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> a decrease in the values &#8203;&#8203;is observed as the test progresses compared to the 1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">st</span> sprint&#46; Other studies have explored the communication between the decline in SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and the increase in HR as a function of athletes&#39; speed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> However&#44; they do not interpret muscle oxygenation with changes in metabolic pathways because HR discriminates the training zones&#44; but SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> decreases and increases with movement&#44; regardless of slow HR kinetics during high-intensity exercise&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> This is one of the problems of interpretation of data variability&#44; and this does not allow an adequate analysis of performance in scientific studies&#59; authors have discarded it as a performance factor&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0032"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> while other authors promote it as an observable variable product of the impact of speed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#8211;32</span></a> In this regard&#44; our research found that SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> variables better predicted performance&#58; EC&#44; PM&#44; and total time&#46; However&#44; our study used the MDC&#44; with which we can know athletes respond to the true change &#40;&#37;&#41; in each of the sprints&#46; The &#9661;&#37; SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was observed as the most sensitive parameter&#44; where we found differences in each sprint and not in the desaturation rate and re-saturation rate as previously described&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="para0033" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Consequently&#44; we were able to observe in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0002">Fig&#46; 2</a> a greater &#9661;&#37; SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> with a lower body fat&#44; &#40;&#60;9&#37; fat&#41; from the 4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> sprint compared to group levels 2 and 3 &#40;&#62;9&#37; fat&#41;&#46; This can be explained for two reasons&#58; 1&#41; it has been observed higher SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values &#8203;&#8203;in subjects with greater adipose tissue&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0013"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> however this is not very likely&#44; because the sample obtained a mean calf skinfold 9&#46;3 mm &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0001">Table 1</a>&#41;&#44; which is considered low and with good reproducibility and sensitivity for measurements with the MOXY instrument<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0033"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> and 2&#41; the activation of type II fibers is better in high trained subjects with less body fat &#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0034"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> in addition&#44; have a greater capacity to extract oxygen through the glycolytic pathway&#44; and not the type I fibers that depend more of the HHB or increase SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> that indicates the &#8220;oxidative phosporylation&#8221;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35&#8211;37</span></a> this is more likely to have occurred in our study&#44; because similarly&#44; together with the extraction of muscle oxygen&#44; a better performance was obtained in the equivalent index and anaerobic index &#40;See <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0003">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; In general&#44; anaerobic systems can produce high metabolic power but have limited energy capacity&#46; In contrast&#44; the aerobic system has a large capacity&#44; but is characterized by considerably less peak power and inertia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0038"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a></p><p id="para0034" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this same context&#44; lower HR values &#8203;&#8203;were observed in group level 1 &#40;body fat &#37;&#41;&#44; this means that a greater &#9661;&#37;SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> by glycolytic route compensates the cardiac output&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0039"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> studies such as Casazza et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> and Vasquez-Bonilla et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0041"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> support this foundation since subjects with a lower body fat can metabolize ATP energy faster through the anaerobic metabolism &#40;glucose&#41; in a short time&#59; this also delays the activation of type I fibers that are dependent on oxygen and increase the blood flow<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0042"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> at the end of the RSA tests&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> However&#44; without measurements of the contributions of the energy pathways&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0043"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> it is difficult to know the performance of one metabolic substrate or another&#46;</p><p id="para0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; for the performance prediction employing SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; it depends on the body fat &#37; as a variable that contaminates performance&#59; heart rate may not have much relevance in interpreting the decrease in EC&#44; and MP is currently used&#46; Recent studies such as that of Paquette et al&#46;&#44; &#40;2018&#41; highlighted the importance of using peripheral adaptations during short and long events since they were able to predict performance through muscle oxygenation by multiple regression analysis&#46; The &#9661;&#37; SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> with NIRS is a predictor of metabolic performance that approximates VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max and energy expenditure&#46; However&#44; we suggest that with portable NIRS we will obtain better results in the information when interpreting the physiological adaptations of peripheral form and fatigue resistance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> However&#44; we need more studies as in real game situations&#46;</p><span id="sec0009" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0011">Limitations</span><p id="para0036" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study must be seen in the light of some limitations&#46; The main limitation was the lack of information regarding movement tracking monitoring to detect changes in acceleration and deceleration during the tests&#44; especially at 5&#8211;10 meters&#59; and the measurement of the resting VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and lactic acid&#44; which are factors that influence capacity of muscle oxygenation&#46; Also&#44; we could explore mechanisms related to fatigue of the central nervous system that may have an important influence with energy systems to determine the interaction of SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> dynamics with EC and MP during the high intensity shown in the RSA&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0012">Conclusion</span><p id="para0037" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering the results of this study&#44; it&#39;s proposed to measure SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> dynamics and &#9661;&#37; SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> as a physiological variable for to find potential differences in sport performance&#44; because when the energy cost and metabolic power begins to decrease&#44; so does the increase in muscle oxygen extraction during repeated sprints in footballers&#46;</p><p id="para0042z" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> seems more promising than &#37;RH as an indicator of internal load during high-intensity running&#46; In addition&#44; we address the influence of having a low body fat &#37; during the season&#44; since it greatly influences the players speed&#44; together with the ability to oxygenate the muscles&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0011" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0013">Ethics approval</span><p id="para0038" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study design was approved by the Bioethical and Biosecurity Commission of the University of Extremadura &#40;Reg&#46; Code 131&#47;2018&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0012" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0014">Funding</span><p id="para0039" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has been supported by the Government of Extremadura with a grant from the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0001">European Regional Development Fund</span> &#40;Ref&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0001">GR21189</span>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0013" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0015">Data available statement</span><p id="para0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author&#44; &#91;initials&#93;&#46; The data are not publicly available due to &#91;restrictions e&#46;g&#46; their containing information that could compromise the privacy of research participants&#93;&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abss0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spara010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to analyse the muscle oxygen saturation &#40;SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; dynamics during a repeated-sprint ability &#40;RSA&#41; protocol &#40;8 sprints x 20 meters&#44; 20 s recovery&#41; using near-infrared spectroscopy&#46; Twenty-five footballers were grouped according to the levels of body-fat percentage &#40;level 1&#58; &#60;9&#37;&#59; level 2&#58; 9&#46;1&#8211;11&#46;5&#37;&#59; and level 3&#58; &#62;11&#46;6&#37;&#41; from the Spanish third division participated&#46; During RSA&#44; energy cost &#40;EC&#41;&#44; metabolic power &#40;MP&#41;&#44; speed and total time as external load were measured&#46; Desaturation and resaturation rates and muscular oxygen extraction &#40;&#9661;&#37; SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; of the gastrocnemius muscle&#44; along with heart rate &#40;HR&#41; were used as indicators of internal load&#46; &#9661;&#37; SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was identified as the most sensitive variable to detect the minimal change during RSA&#46; Footballers with a lower fat percentage &#40;level 1&#41; achieved a higher &#9661;&#37; SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> after the 4th sprint &#40;&#916;&#61; &#8211;13&#59; p&#61; 0&#46;001&#41; and &#40;&#916;&#61; 9&#46;6&#59; p&#61; 0&#46;017&#41; vs level 2 and level 3&#44; respectively&#46; SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was related to EC &#40;r2&#61; 0&#46;57 p&#61; 0&#46;005&#41;&#44; MP &#40;r2&#61; 0&#46;61 p&#61; 0&#46;003&#41;&#44; speed &#40;r2&#61; 0&#46;59 p&#61; 0&#46;004&#41; and total time &#40;r2&#61; 0&#46;59 p&#61; 0&#46;004&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was a better indicator of internal load than HR during RSA&#46; The &#9661;&#37; SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> can be used as a parameter to explore potential differences in footballers&#39; RSA performance&#46; Besides&#44; we highlighted the relevance of measuring the body-fat percentage&#44; since it is a variable that affects performance by disturbing &#9661;&#37; SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; altering the ability to resist repeated high-speed bouts &#40;sprints&#41;&#44; a critical variable in football&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Fat &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;2 &#177; 2&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Fat Mass &#40;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">33&#46;2 &#177; 3&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Skinfold gastrucnemius &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;3 &#177; 2&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0015"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;&#37;&#41; Desaturation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&#46;2 &#177; 14&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">SmO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;&#37;&#41; Reoxygenation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Heart Rate &#40;bmp&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Heart Rate reserve &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Desaturation rate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Re-saturation Rate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;V SmO2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Sprint 1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#44;48 &#177; 0&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#46;04 &#177; 0&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;53 &#177; 0&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">20&#46;6 &#177; 5&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0034"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">54 &#177; 7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">-0&#44;25 &#177; 3&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0037"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;05 &#177; 0&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0038"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">-8&#46;9 &#177; 39&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0039"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#46;07 &#177; 0&#46;58 <span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0042"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&#46;14 &#177;1&#46;12 <span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">145 &#177; 1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">63 &#177; 10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;29 &#177; 1&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">-0&#46;20 &#177; 0&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0048"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Sprint 3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0050"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;38 &#177; 0&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0051"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#46;00 &#177; 0&#46;42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0052"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;84 &#177;0&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0053"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">23&#46;1 &#177; 6&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">154 &#177; 13<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;a&#44;b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">-0&#46;31 &#177; 0&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">20&#46;5 &#177; 14&#46;4&#42; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Sprint 4</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;51 &#177;0&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">20&#46;5 &#177; 6&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">73 &#177;9<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0070"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;58 &#177; 0&#46;26&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0071"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&#46;92 &#177; 0&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0072"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;26 &#177;0&#46;61<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0073"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">18&#46;4 &#177; 4&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42; b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0074"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">162 &#177; 12<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0075"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">76 &#177; 8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0076"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;63 &#177; 1&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0077"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">-0&#46;29 &#177; 0&#46;23 <span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0078"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">18&#46;0 &#177; 10&#46;7 &#170;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0079"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Sprint 6</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0080"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;46 &#177; 0&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0081"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&#46;80&#177; 0&#46;40<span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#42;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0082"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;60 &#177; 0&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0083"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">21&#46;1 &#177; 5&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0084"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">163 &#177; 11<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0085"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">77 &#177; 8 <span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0086"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;78 &#177; 1&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0087"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">-0&#46;30 &#177; 0&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0088"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">19&#46;4 &#177; 14&#46;3&#42; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0089"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Sprint 7</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0090"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;37 &#177; 0&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0091"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&#46;85 &#177; 0&#46;49<span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#42;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0092"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;93 &#177;0&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0093"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">23&#46;9 &#177; 7&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0094"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">165&#177; 11<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0095"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">78 &#177; 8 <span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0096"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;65 &#177; 1&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0097"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">-0&#46;27 &#177; 0&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0098"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">18&#46;2 &#177; 12&#46;7 <span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0099"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Sprint 8</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0100"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;62 &#177; 0&#46;31<span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#42;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0101"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&#46;81 &#177; 0&#46;49&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0102"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;21 &#177; 0&#46;78 &#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0103"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">18&#46;2 &#177;6&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#42;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0104"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">164&#177; 12<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0105"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">78 &#177; 9<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0106"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#46;10 &#177; 1&#46;19 <span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0107"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">-0&#46;38 &#177; 0&#46;19<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;a&#44;b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0108"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">23&#46;5 &#177; 12&#46;4 <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;a b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0109"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">MDC</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0110"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;18 &#40;5&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0111"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;21 &#40;4&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0112"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;53 &#40;15&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0113"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">5&#46;5 &#40;24&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0114"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">7 &#40;4&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0115"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">4 &#40;5&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0116"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;05 &#40;58&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0117"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;18 &#40;-70&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0118"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">8 &#40;49&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0119"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">SEM</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0120"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;06 &#40;2&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0121"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;07 &#40;2&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0122"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;19 &#40;5&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0123"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;9 &#40;9&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0124"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2 &#40;1&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0125"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;5 &#40;2&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0126"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;38 &#40;21&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0127"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;06 &#40;-25&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0128"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">3 &#40;17&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara007" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Workload response during repeated-sprint in footballers</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0003"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0006"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0129"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Variables Body Fat &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0130"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">External Load</th><a name="en0131"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Perfomance</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0132"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Internal Load- Physiological&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0133"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Energy Cost J&#46;kg&#46;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0134"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Metabolic Power W&#46;Kg <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0135"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Speed &#40;m&#47;s&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0136"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total time &#40;sec&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0137"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">&#37;V SmO2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0138"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">r&#61; 0&#46;76 r2&#61;0&#46;57 SE&#61; 0&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0139"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">r&#61; 0&#46;78 r2&#61;0&#46;61 SE&#61; 2&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0140"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">r&#61; 0&#46;79 r2&#61;0&#46;59 SE&#61; 0&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0141"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">r&#61; 0&#46;77 r2&#61;0&#46;59 SE&#61; 0&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0142"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">Desaturation rate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0143"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">F&#61; 7&#46;94 p&#61; 0&#46;005&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information

ISSN: 26665069
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.apunsm.2022.100395

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