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A pesar de que la progesterona a nivel del mar aumenta la ventilaci&#243;n y la respuesta ventilatoria en hipoxia&#44; no hay diferencias entre varones y mujeres en la aclimataci&#243;n ventilatoria a la gran altitud<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8-10</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- La incidencia de MAM no est&#225; claramente afectada por la fase del ciclo menstrual<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11-13</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; No hay datos acerca de la incidencia de edema cerebral de altitud en mujeres&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="277v41n151-13096384tab01.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Menstruaci&#243;n</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; La ascensi&#243;n a gran altitud&#44; a menudo combinada con otros factores que pueden ser m&#225;s importantes &#40;p&#46; ej&#46;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">jet lag&#44;</span> ejercicio&#44; fr&#237;o y p&#233;rdida de peso&#41;&#44; puede modificar el ciclo menstrual<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Anticoncepci&#243;n</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">No parece que la eficacia de los anticonceptivos actuales o de los sistemas de liberaci&#243;n hormonal &#40;p&#46; ej&#46;&#44; anticonceptivos orales o inyectables&#44; diafragma&#44; preservativos femeninos&#44; DIU&#44; anillos de estr&#243;genos y parches cut&#225;neos&#41; est&#233; alterada por la altitud&#46; De todas formas se deben considerar los siguientes aspectos&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- Los anticonceptivos orales &#40;AO&#41; no presentan de forma clara ninguna ventaja ni inconveniente para la aclimataci&#243;n a la altitud<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; Los AO hormonales combinados &#40;pero no la progesterona sola&#41; durante largos per&#237;odos en altitud y en combinaci&#243;n con policitemia&#44; deshidrataci&#243;n y fr&#237;o&#44; podr&#237;an aumentar el riesgo de trombosis&#46; Pero hasta ahora no se ha descrito ning&#250;n caso de trombosis venosa en estas circunstancias&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- Se recomienda el uso de AO de segunda generaci&#243;n como de primera elecci&#243;n en altitud porque a nivel del mar los compuestos con altas dosis de estr&#243;genos &#40;50 &#181;g&#44; f&#225;rmacos de primera generaci&#243;n&#41; presentan mayor riesgo de trombosis venosa y arterial y de accidente vascular cerebral que los de bajo contenido estrog&#233;nico &#40;30 &#181;g&#44; f&#225;rmacos de segunda generaci&#243;n&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15-17</span>&#46; La policitemia y las otras condiciones de gran altitud mencionadas pueden aumentar este riesgo&#46; Hay estudios epidemiol&#243;gicos que refieren que hay m&#225;s casos de tromboembolismo venoso entre las usuarias de AO de tercera generaci&#243;n &#40;20 &#181;g estr&#243;geno con desogestrel o gestodene como gest&#225;genos&#41; que en usuarias de AO de segunda generaci&#243;n&#44; con un riesgo aumentado para las que los utilizan por primera vez<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; Durante las expediciones&#44; con horarios de comidas y de sue&#241;o a menudo irregulares&#44; puede ser dif&#237;cil mantener una toma regular de los AO&#59; por tanto&#44; la eficacia anticonceptiva puede disminuir inesperadamente a gran altitud&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="277v41n151-13096384tab02.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- La fiabilidad de los AO que contienen menos de 50 &#181;g de estr&#243;geno puede disminuir durante y al final de 7 d&#237;as de tomar algunos antibi&#243;ticos&#44; especialmente penicilinas de amplio espectro y tetraciclinas&#46; En estos casos se pueden producir sangrados intermenstruales o embarazos no deseados&#46; Debido a las posibles enfermedades infecciosas y diarreas&#44; el uso de antibi&#243;ticos de amplio espectro puede ser frecuente cuando se viaja a altitud&#44; por lo que es necesario advertir de la conveniencia de usar otros medios anticonceptivos durante y despu&#233;s del tratamiento antibi&#243;tico<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; Los AO se pueden tomar de forma continuada durante algunos meses parar evitar o reducir de forma significativa el sangrado menstrual &#40;p&#46; ej&#46;&#44; sin interrupci&#243;n del ciclo menstrual&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span>&#44; pero puede aparecer un sangrado durante los primeros 3 meses de toma continuada&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- La progesterona en diferentes presentaciones &#40;p&#46; ej&#46;&#44; p&#237;ldoras&#44; inyecciones de medroxiprogesterona&#44; DIU impregnados&#41; puede evitar el sangrado menstrual&#44; pero no hay estudios espec&#237;ficos en altitud&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; No hay informaci&#243;n acerca de parches cut&#225;neos o anillos de estr&#243;genos en altitud&#44; pero podr&#237;an ser una buena alternativa&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="277v41n151-13096384tab03.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="277v41n151-13096384tab04.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Hierro</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Debido a que un d&#233;ficit latente de hierro puede impedir una buena aclimataci&#243;n a la altitud&#44; antes de ir de expedici&#243;n es aconsejable administrar suplementos de hierro a las mujeres con valores bajos de ferritina<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Mujeres embarazadas</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Viajes en general</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; Tanto la estancia en altitud como el viaje&#44; con las habituales limitaciones m&#233;dicas&#44; aumentan el riesgo al estar lejos de la asistencia m&#233;dica en caso necesario&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- Algunas enfermedades infecciosas &#40;p&#46; ej&#46;&#44; diarrea&#44; malaria&#44; hepatitis E&#41; pueden ser m&#225;s graves durante el embarazo&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- Algunos f&#225;rmacos que se usan en la profilaxis o tratamiento de algunas enfermedades infecciosas &#40;p&#46; ej&#46;&#44; la mayor&#237;a de los antipal&#250;dicos&#44; las quinolonas&#44; las sulfonamidas&#41; est&#225;n contraindicados durante el embarazo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; Tanto la altitud como el embarazo causan hiperventilaci&#243;n y&#44; por tanto&#44; es importante mantener una hidrataci&#243;n adecuada&#44; sobre todo por la baja humedad en altitud<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="277v41n151-13096384tab05.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Enfermedades de altitud</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- La incidencia de MAM no var&#237;a en mujeres embarazadas respecto a las no embarazadas<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; La acetazolamida y otras sulfamidas est&#225;n contraindicadas durante el primer trimestre del embarazo por la teratogenicidad demostrada en animales de experimentaci&#243;n<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span>&#44; y despu&#233;s de la semana 36&#44; 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son necesarias las visitas prenatales con control de la presi&#243;n arterial&#44; de la proteinuria y monitorizaci&#243;n con eco-Doppler del flujo volum&#233;trico de la arteria uterina para identificar a las mujeres y los ni&#241;os con mayor riesgo de mortalidad&#44; y para que puedan tener un seguimiento del embarazo con los servicios adecuados&#46; Es recomendable tambi&#233;n un seguimiento ecocardiogr&#225;fico de las arterias uterina y fetal y del crecimiento fetal despu&#233;s de las 20 semanas&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- El ejercicio a gran altitud puede provocar hipoxia fetal o un parto pret&#233;rmino si hay competencia por el riego sangu&#237;neo entre el m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico y la circulaci&#243;n uteroplacentaria&#44; posiblemente ya comprometida&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> Recomendaci&#243;n</span>&#58; estar 2-3 d&#237;as aclimat&#225;ndose antes de hacer ejercicio a altitudes por encima de los 2&#46;500 m&#46; 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Tabaquismo&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Escalada y esqu&#237;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- A pesar de que no se dispone de estudios&#44; probablemente no hay un riesgo aumentado durante el primer trimestre del embarazo&#46; Es recomendable usar un arn&#233;s completo o dise&#241;ado espec&#237;ficamente para evitar una presi&#243;n abdominal excesiva&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> Recomendaci&#243;n</span>&#58; evitar la escalada y el esqu&#237; en las &#250;ltimas etapas del embarazo&#44; ya que el aumento de peso puede predisponer a lesiones de los tendones de los dedos y esguinces&#46; Por otra parte&#44; los cambios en el centro de gravedad y la hiperlaxitud podr&#237;an provocar ca&#237;das&#44; traumatismos y hasta desprendimientos de placenta&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Algunas recomendaciones pr&#225;cticas para expedicionarias</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; Usar ropa y arneses con cierres que permitan orinar y hacer deposiciones de forma segura y c&#243;moda en ambientes fr&#237;os&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- Hay bolsas especiales o botellas con una abertura amplia que pueden ser &#250;tiles para orinar o hacer deposiciones dentro de la tienda&#46; Por otra parte&#44; las mujeres pueden orinar de pie si usan un instrumento con un recipiente c&#243;nico adaptado al perin&#233; con un tubo largo de pl&#225;stico&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- Algunas monta&#241;eras expertas recomiendan el rasurado genital para facilitar la higiene durante la menstruaci&#243;n en situaciones de expediciones duras&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; Es necesario estar preparada para tratar infecciones urinarias&#44; vaginitis o incontinencia urinaria&#46; La mejor protecci&#243;n para las enfermedades de transmisi&#243;n sexual es el uso de preservativos&#44; independientemente de otras formas de anticoncepci&#243;n&#46;</p>"
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Recomendaciones médicas para mujeres que van a altitud. Documento de consenso de la comisión médica de la UIAA
Medical guidelines for women sojourners in high altitude. Consensus document of the medicalcommission of the International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (IUAA)
Dominique Jeana, Conxita Lealb, Susi Kriemlerc, Heleen Meijerd, Lorna G Mooree
a Medical Commission UIAA.Department of Pediatrics. Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble. Grenoble. France.
b Medical Commission UIAA.Institut d'Estudis de Medicina de Muntanya. Barcelona.
c Institute of Physiology. University of Zürich. Switzerland.
d Medical Commission UIAA.Aeromedical Institute. Schiphol. The Netherlands.
e Center for Women's Health Research. University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center. Denver CO. USA.
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    "titulo" => "Recomendaciones m&#233;dicas para mujeres que van a altitud&#46; Documento de consenso de la comisi&#243;n m&#233;dica de la UIAA"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Introducci&#243;n</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">A menudo&#44; los m&#233;dicos de cabecera deben atender la demanda de mujeres&#44; embarazadas o no&#44; que quieren ir a altitud para hacer alpinismo u otras actividades&#46; Este documento de consenso pretende establecer gu&#237;as claras&#44; basadas en la evidencia cient&#237;fica disponible&#44; para responder a estas cuestiones&#46; Se espera que esta informaci&#243;n sea &#250;til a m&#233;dicos&#44; sanitarios y en general a las mujeres que planeen ir a altitud durante per&#237;odos breves &#40;de d&#237;as a semanas&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Mujeres no embarazadas</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Enfermedades de altitud y aclimataci&#243;n</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- No se han encontrado diferencias entre varones y mujeres en la incidencia de mal agudo de monta&#241;a &#40;MAM&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- La incidencia de edema pulmonar de altitud parece m&#225;s baja en mujeres que en varones<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-5</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- La incidencia de edema perif&#233;rico es m&#225;s alta en mujeres que en varones<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; A pesar de que la progesterona a nivel del mar aumenta la ventilaci&#243;n y la respuesta ventilatoria en hipoxia&#44; no hay diferencias entre varones y mujeres en la aclimataci&#243;n ventilatoria a la gran altitud<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8-10</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- La incidencia de MAM no est&#225; claramente afectada por la fase del ciclo menstrual<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11-13</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; No hay datos acerca de la incidencia de edema cerebral de altitud en mujeres&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="277v41n151-13096384tab01.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Menstruaci&#243;n</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; La ascensi&#243;n a gran altitud&#44; a menudo combinada con otros factores que pueden ser m&#225;s importantes &#40;p&#46; ej&#46;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">jet lag&#44;</span> ejercicio&#44; fr&#237;o y p&#233;rdida de peso&#41;&#44; puede modificar el ciclo menstrual<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Anticoncepci&#243;n</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">No parece que la eficacia de los anticonceptivos actuales o de los sistemas de liberaci&#243;n hormonal &#40;p&#46; ej&#46;&#44; anticonceptivos orales o inyectables&#44; diafragma&#44; preservativos femeninos&#44; DIU&#44; anillos de estr&#243;genos y parches cut&#225;neos&#41; est&#233; alterada por la altitud&#46; De todas formas se deben considerar los siguientes aspectos&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- Los anticonceptivos orales &#40;AO&#41; no presentan de forma clara ninguna ventaja ni inconveniente para la aclimataci&#243;n a la altitud<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; Los AO hormonales combinados &#40;pero no la progesterona sola&#41; durante largos per&#237;odos en altitud y en combinaci&#243;n con policitemia&#44; deshidrataci&#243;n y fr&#237;o&#44; podr&#237;an aumentar el riesgo de trombosis&#46; Pero hasta ahora no se ha descrito ning&#250;n caso de trombosis venosa en estas circunstancias&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- Se recomienda el uso de AO de segunda generaci&#243;n como de primera elecci&#243;n en altitud porque a nivel del mar los compuestos con altas dosis de estr&#243;genos &#40;50 &#181;g&#44; f&#225;rmacos de primera generaci&#243;n&#41; presentan mayor riesgo de trombosis venosa y arterial y de accidente vascular cerebral que los de bajo contenido estrog&#233;nico &#40;30 &#181;g&#44; f&#225;rmacos de segunda generaci&#243;n&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15-17</span>&#46; La policitemia y las otras condiciones de gran altitud mencionadas pueden aumentar este riesgo&#46; Hay estudios epidemiol&#243;gicos que refieren que hay m&#225;s casos de tromboembolismo venoso entre las usuarias de AO de tercera generaci&#243;n &#40;20 &#181;g estr&#243;geno con desogestrel o gestodene como gest&#225;genos&#41; que en usuarias de AO de segunda generaci&#243;n&#44; con un riesgo aumentado para las que los utilizan por primera vez<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; Durante las expediciones&#44; con horarios de comidas y de sue&#241;o a menudo irregulares&#44; puede ser dif&#237;cil mantener una toma regular de los AO&#59; por tanto&#44; la eficacia anticonceptiva puede disminuir inesperadamente a gran altitud&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="277v41n151-13096384tab02.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- La fiabilidad de los AO que contienen menos de 50 &#181;g de estr&#243;geno puede disminuir durante y al final de 7 d&#237;as de tomar algunos antibi&#243;ticos&#44; especialmente penicilinas de amplio espectro y tetraciclinas&#46; En estos casos se pueden producir sangrados intermenstruales o embarazos no deseados&#46; Debido a las posibles enfermedades infecciosas y diarreas&#44; el uso de antibi&#243;ticos de amplio espectro puede ser frecuente cuando se viaja a altitud&#44; por lo que es necesario advertir de la conveniencia de usar otros medios anticonceptivos durante y despu&#233;s del tratamiento antibi&#243;tico<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; Los AO se pueden tomar de forma continuada durante algunos meses parar evitar o reducir de forma significativa el sangrado menstrual &#40;p&#46; ej&#46;&#44; sin interrupci&#243;n del ciclo menstrual&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span>&#44; pero puede aparecer un sangrado durante los primeros 3 meses de toma continuada&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- La progesterona en diferentes presentaciones &#40;p&#46; ej&#46;&#44; p&#237;ldoras&#44; inyecciones de medroxiprogesterona&#44; DIU impregnados&#41; puede evitar el sangrado menstrual&#44; pero no hay estudios espec&#237;ficos en altitud&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; No hay informaci&#243;n acerca de parches cut&#225;neos o anillos de estr&#243;genos en altitud&#44; pero podr&#237;an ser una buena alternativa&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="277v41n151-13096384tab03.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="277v41n151-13096384tab04.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Hierro</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Debido a que un d&#233;ficit latente de hierro puede impedir una buena aclimataci&#243;n a la altitud&#44; antes de ir de expedici&#243;n es aconsejable administrar suplementos de hierro a las mujeres con valores bajos de ferritina<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Mujeres embarazadas</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Viajes en general</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; Tanto la estancia en altitud como el viaje&#44; con las habituales limitaciones m&#233;dicas&#44; aumentan el riesgo al estar lejos de la asistencia m&#233;dica en caso necesario&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- Algunas enfermedades infecciosas &#40;p&#46; ej&#46;&#44; diarrea&#44; malaria&#44; hepatitis E&#41; pueden ser m&#225;s graves durante el embarazo&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- Algunos f&#225;rmacos que se usan en la profilaxis o tratamiento de algunas enfermedades infecciosas &#40;p&#46; ej&#46;&#44; la mayor&#237;a de los antipal&#250;dicos&#44; las quinolonas&#44; las sulfonamidas&#41; est&#225;n contraindicados durante el embarazo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; Tanto la altitud como el embarazo causan hiperventilaci&#243;n y&#44; por tanto&#44; es importante mantener una hidrataci&#243;n adecuada&#44; sobre todo por la baja humedad en altitud<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="277v41n151-13096384tab05.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Enfermedades de altitud</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- La incidencia de MAM no var&#237;a en mujeres embarazadas respecto a las no embarazadas<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; La acetazolamida y otras sulfamidas est&#225;n contraindicadas durante el primer trimestre del embarazo por la teratogenicidad demostrada en animales de experimentaci&#243;n<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span>&#44; y despu&#233;s de la semana 36&#44; por el aumento del riesgo de ictericia neonatal grave<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;28</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Complicaciones fetales y maternas</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La mayor&#237;a de los estudios se han hecho en mujeres residentes en altitud y unos pocos han estudiado a visitantes de altitudes moderadas &#40;&#60; 2&#46;500 m&#44; revisado por Niermeyer&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span>&#59; por tanto&#44; estas recomendaciones forzosamente se basan en datos incompletos y hacen falta m&#225;s estudios en visitantes de altitud&#46; Un gran n&#250;mero de los estudios hechos en residentes en altitud indica que el embarazo y la altitud act&#250;an sin&#233;rgicamente incrementando la ventilaci&#243;n m&#225;s que a altitudes bajas&#46; El aumento de la ventilaci&#243;n incrementa la saturaci&#243;n arterial de ox&#237;geno&#44; ya que los valores no son m&#225;ximos<span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span>&#46; El gasto card&#237;aco aumenta durante el embarazo a altitud pero no tanto como a nivel del mar&#46; El flujo de la arteria uterina es menor a gran altitud que a baja altitud&#44; por tanto&#44; el paso de ox&#237;geno al feto puede ser insuficiente<span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;31</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- Aunque parece que hay una mayor incidencia de abortos espont&#225;neos&#44; no se ha demostrado<span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;33</span>&#46; Es necesario un estudio completo de la frecuencia de fracasos reproductivos a altitud&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> Recomendaci&#243;n</span>&#58; las mujeres con riesgo de aborto espont&#225;neo deben evitar la exposici&#243;n a gran altitud&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; Las estancias cortas &#40;de horas a d&#237;as&#41; en altitudes hasta 2&#46;500 m sin ejercicio exhaustivo o en mujeres no fumadoras&#44; presentan muy poco riesgo para el embarazo o de complicaciones fetales durante la segunda mitad del embarazo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">34&#44;35</span>&#46; No hay datos a m&#225;s altitud&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> Recomendaci&#243;n</span>&#58; las mujeres embarazadas con factores de riesgo de preeclampsia&#44; desprendimiento de placenta o con fetos con riesgo de retraso del crecimiento no deber&#237;an ir a altitud ni tan solo por periodos cortos&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">-&#173; Las embarazadas que est&#225;n a altitud &#40;por encima de 2&#46;500 m&#41; durante per&#237;odos largos &#40;semanas a meses&#41; presentan una mayor incidencia de preeclampsia&#44; hipertensi&#243;n gestacional&#44; desprendimiento de placenta y un mayor riesgo de retraso del crecimiento fetal&#44; y entre las mujeres con preeclampsia hay mas complicaciones fatales<span class="elsevierStyleSup">31&#44;36-41</span>&#46; Los signos diagn&#243;sticos de la preeclamsia &#173;hipertensi&#243;n y proteinuria&#173; son m&#225;s frecuentes en altitud<span class="elsevierStyleSup">38&#44;42</span>&#59; hacen falta nuevos estudios que definan la significaci&#243;n pron&#243;stica que tienen y los factores que los producen&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> Recomendaci&#243;n</span>&#58; son necesarias las visitas prenatales con control de la presi&#243;n arterial&#44; de la proteinuria y monitorizaci&#243;n con eco-Doppler del flujo volum&#233;trico de la arteria uterina para identificar a las mujeres y los ni&#241;os con mayor riesgo de mortalidad&#44; y para que puedan tener un seguimiento del embarazo con los servicios adecuados&#46; Es recomendable tambi&#233;n un seguimiento ecocardiogr&#225;fico de las arterias uterina y fetal y del crecimiento fetal despu&#233;s de las 20 semanas&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173;- El ejercicio a gran altitud puede provocar hipoxia fetal o un parto pret&#233;rmino si hay competencia por el riego sangu&#237;neo entre el m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico y la circulaci&#243;n uteroplacentaria&#44; posiblemente ya comprometida&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> Recomendaci&#243;n</span>&#58; estar 2-3 d&#237;as aclimat&#225;ndose antes de hacer ejercicio a altitudes por encima de los 2&#46;500 m&#46; 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Article information
ISSN: 02133717
Original language: Spanish
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