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Datos de referencia de equipos nacionales de alto rendimiento, 1992–2014" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1798 "Ancho" => 1553 "Tamanyo" => 199597 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Somatochart showing the mean somatoplots of Cuban female sporting modalities. J#, judo.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Knowledge of a successful athlete's physical structure is a necessary point of departure for talent selection, the basis for the phenomenon known as morphological optimization, which aims to achieve optimal physical structure, body composition and somatotype for most efficient athletic performance in any sport. Morphological optimization is a gradual process, the evolution of which has been described for many sports population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The processes of “sport morphological optimization” occur within and across generations. In these circumstances, the final body shape and composition in a given sport results in the new morphological conceptual model in order to practice the medical management of athletic training.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Morphological conceptual models always have changes, many times in professional as well as amateur sport. For example, Olds<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> reported that shape and composition of rugby union players have changed since 1975; as a result, the mean somatotype of rugby players changed from 3.8–4.8–2.0 for 1975 to 3.2–7.2–1.2 for 1995–1999. Ackland et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> found that the morphology of canoe paddlers evolved between 1975 and 2000 toward a more compact build. C¿k et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> showed that there was a significant difference in the width of the shoulders and pelvis of the gymnasts in 1933 and those in 2000, the contemporary athletes were wider in their shoulders and narrower in their pelvis. Lozovina et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> also found that the body structure of Croatian water polo players changed as a result of morphological optimization between 1980 and 2008, in terms of greater height and more elongated limbs, with thinner waist and broader shoulders. Sands et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> on the other hand, demonstrated that women Olympic gymnasts were getting smaller through approximately the 1980s and early 1990s. Since then, the size of these female gymnasts has increased and a more mesomorphic somatotype may have an advantage. Sedeaud et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> found a secular increase in weight, height and body mass index of the four major US sports players (football, basketball, baseball and hockey) following a multi-exponential function pattern.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The last contribution to morphological profile of Cuban sporting population took place in the Olympic cycle 1976–1980.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Thirty years after, Carvajal et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> demonstrated that body composition and physical structure in Cuban sporting population have changed according to secular trend, differential selection for body size, sport morphological adaptation, more qualified international championship and changes within the game. These authors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> found significant changes in weight, height and somatotype in a group of Cuban athletes that included volleyball players, rhythmic gymnasts and artistic gymnasts between 1976 and 2008.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering that Cuba has figured as a sporting power in the international context since 1970s, the purpose of this study was to provide new anthropometrical references data for many sporting disciplines in a form that may be readily utilized to practice the medical management of athletic training.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Study type and universe</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A descriptive and retrospective study was conducted to develop the kinanthropometric profile of the Cuban sporting population. The 1255 athletes (male<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>845, female<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>410), having consented to participate in this investigation, were all members of national sports teams in Cuba during the 1992–2014 years. The Study was not multicenter.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Forty subjects were selected for each team sport, while 10 subjects were selected for each individual sport or positions and roles within sports (from 24 sports and 57 sporting modalities). In all team sport, 20 was the maximum number of athletes selected in each period between 1992–2002 and 2004–2014 (more than 85% of athletes of national team in each period). In all, individuals sport were selected five athletes in each period. The sample consisted of 50% Centro-Americam champions, 40% Pan-American champions, 14.7% Olympic medalists (including 6% Olympic champions), 15% World champions and 75% international medalists in others competitions. Mean participant age was 21.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.8 years; mean athletic experience was 8.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.1 years. The age range was 16–35 years for male and 15–23 years for female. The ethnic distribution of the sample was 53.0% African (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>665), 31.0% mixed Caucasian with African (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>389) and 16.0% Caucasian (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>201).</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Inclusion criteria</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In all sports were selected athletes who participated as a member of national team in at least one official international competition during the Olympic cycle in which they were active athletes.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Compilation of data</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Primary information source was the Anthropological Project database “Morphological Evolution of Cuban Sporting Population, 1970–2014”, available through the Sports Medicine Institute's Kinanthropometry Department.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All anthropometric measures were taken according to the recommendations of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>: weight, height, biepicondylar humerus and biepicondylar femur breadth, flexed arm and calf girths, biceps skinfold, triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold, abdominal skinfold, front thigh, medial calf and supraspinale skinfolds.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With the information derivative from these measures, it was obtained the Heath–Carter anthropomorphic somatotype, while somatopoint was placed in the somatochart according Heath-Carter procedures,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> sum of six skinfolds (S6skf, triceps, subscapular, supraspinal, abdominal, anterior thigh and medial calf), body density (BD) was determined using the Whiters et al. six-site skinfold equations, which were derived from 1987 dataset,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,14</span></a> but not published in the original study (Lindsay Carter, personal communication, Jun 27, 2013), where<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Body density was converted into an estimate of percentage body fat using the Siri<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> equation: % BF<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>495/BD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>450. Fat Free Mass Index (FFMI) determined using Tittel & Wutscherk formula as Fat Free Mass: Height<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> ratio (g/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Data analysis</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anthropological Project database data were compiled in an Excel spreadsheet, and calculations made to determine body fat, somatotype, S6skf and Lean Mass Index. Mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated and expressed as X<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD.</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive data on physical characteristics of 1255 Cuban athletes are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 1</a> as mean values for each sporting modalities as well as the associated standard deviations (X<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general, male athletes involved in sports where a weight class has to be made to compete, such as boxing, wrestling, judo and weight lifting, events such as the artistic gymnastics and diving, and track and jump athletics (long jump, high jump, 110<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m hurdle and 100, 200, 400, 800, >800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m) demonstrated lower % fat (<8%) and endomorphy (<2.5) than in the mean population.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In female athletes involved in sports where a weight class has to be made to compete, such as judo, athletic events such as the 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m hurdle, 100, 200, 400, 800 and >800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m, esthetic sports such as the artistic gymnastics and rhythmic gymnasts, and sports such as volleyball, fencing and cycling (road and track) demonstrated lower % fat (<14.3%) and endomorphy (<2.9) than in the mean population.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand, male athletes involved in sports where body size is a definite advantage, such as baseball, athletics throwing (shot put, javelin and discus), judo >100, weight lifting >105, and sports where a weight class has to be made to compete such as wrestling, judo and weight lifting tended to have a larger FFMI (>1.30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>) and mesomorphy (>6.2) than in the mean population.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In female athletes involved in sports where body size is a definite advantage, such as athletics throwing (shot put and discus) and judo >78, sports where a weight class has to be made to compete such as judo, and track and road cyclists tended to have a larger FFMI (>1.19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>) and mesomorphy (>4.0) than in the mean population.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The somatocharts (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs. 1–3</a>) illustrate the physical distributions for male and female Cuban athletes. In general, male and female athletes involved in sports where a weight class has to be made to compete, such as wrestling, judo and weight lifting, and events such as athletics throwing (shot put, javelin and discus) were more mesomorphic, than other sporting modalities. In contrast, male and female athletes involved in sports such as volleyball, basketball, rhythmic gymnasts and athletic modalities such as 400, 800, >800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m were more ectomorphic than others.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Discussion</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anthropometry in Cuba has the same classical base used in certification programs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Therefore, the prototypes of Cuban athletes can be added to the information already available for description and comparison of elite athletes.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study, the Cuban athletes showed lower S6skf mean values (male, S6skf<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>48.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and female, S6skf<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>67.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm) than those showed for the Spanish sporting population (male, S6skf<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>53.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and female<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>78.97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> and the Venezuelan sporting population (male, S6skf<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>49.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and female<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>92.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> In comparison to male athletes, differences between Cuban and foreign female athletes were most pronounced. Due to the historical high-level performance achieved by the studied Cuban sample, it might be thought that body composition is in agreement with this.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general, the Cuban sporting modalities satisfy the rules of sport morphological optimization: athletes involved in a sport where their body weight is supported, such as canoe and kayak, rowing and swimming had means % BF values. Athletes involved in sports where a weight class has to be made to compete, in athletics, all the track events, high and long jump, that are very anaerobic in nature and extremely aerobic events such as the >800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m demonstrated lower % BF values. In contrast, athletes involved in sports where body size is a definite advantage, such as baseball, athletics throwing, and heavyweight judoist >100, weight lifting >105 and wrestler had a larger FFMI.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These results were qualitatively similar to those of the Olympic athletes. Fleck conducted a study with a sample of 826 athletes participating in Olympic events and found that athletes involved in a sport where their body weight is supported, such as canoe and kayak and swimming had higher % BF values. Athletes involved in sports where a weight class has to be made to compete, such as boxing and wrestling, events such as the 100, 200 and 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m in athletes that are very anaerobic in nature and extremely aerobic events such as the marathon demonstrated lower % BF values. Athletes involved in sports where body size is a definite advantage, such as basketball and volleyball tended to have a larger Lean Body Mass.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With respect to the methodology used, in 1982, after 6 years of the Montreal Olympic Game Anthropological Project (MOGAP), Lindsay Carter introduced the Yuhasz six-site skinfold equations to estimate % BF in elite athletes of different disciplines.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> For this reason, MOGAP and the research literature provided abundant reference values on the Yuhasz body fat estimated.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,18,19,21</span></a> In spite of this clear difference with another equation, Whiters et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,14</span></a> are the only equation that have been developed on a large number of elite adult athletes from a variety of sports.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">International scientific literature show more data based on the use of Yuhasz and Faulkner<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,21–23</span></a> equations than the Whiters et al. equations and his FFMI. In Cuba, the Whiters et al. six-site skinfold equations were introduced by Carvajal et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> whom noted that this method is more sensitive to monitor small changes in body fat of elite athletes. This method was also proposed by Rodriguez et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> in Venezuela, while Alvero et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> and Canda<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> proposed two different variants of Whithers et al. equations in Spain.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to Tittel and Wutscherk,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> FFMI can discriminate between different types of sporting modalities, and between competitive levels, is the most commonly used index to evaluate the effects of sport training on relative fat free mass. This method was first proposed by Tittel and Wutscherk<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>; after 1970, it was recommended by Rodriguez,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Pancorbo,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Canda<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> and Carvajal et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> In this study, athletes involved in sports where body size is a definite advantage had a larger FFMI.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conclusion</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study provides new reference values for the assessment of the body composition and the somatotype in Cuban athletes. This knowledge offers support to practice the medical management of athletic training, can also offer practical assistance to coaches in the suitable selection for the correct sporting modalities, in accordance with the model anthropometric characteristics of an elite sporting population. On the other hand, we introduced Whiters et al. six-site skinfold equation estimated of high-performance athletes, which were derived from high-performance athletes data set.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Fuente de financiación</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they do not have any conflict of interests.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1104015" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1044247" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1104014" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1044248" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Study type and universe" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Inclusion criteria" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Compilation of data" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Data analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Fuente de financiación" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2018-01-09" "fechaAceptado" => "2018-07-03" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1044247" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Body composition" 1 => "Kinanthropometry" 2 => "Somatotype" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1044248" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Composición corporal" 1 => "Cineantropometría" 2 => "Somatotipo" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Physical structures in Cuban sporting population have changed according to secular trend, sport morphological adaptation, more qualified international championship and changes within the game. The purpose of this study was to provide new anthropometrical references data for many sporting disciplines in a form that may be readily utilized to practice the medical management of athletic training. Primary information source was the Anthropological Project database “Morphological Evolution of Cuban Sporting Population, 1970–2014”, available through the Sports Medicine Institute's Kinanthropometry Department. Forty subjects were selected for each team sport, while 10 subjects were selected for each individual sport or positions and roles within sports. Using all the data, a set of references tables have been obtained based on Whithers et al. equation to estimate percentage body fat, Heath-Carter somatotyping, the sum of six skinfolds, and Fat Free Mass Index. This knowledge offers support to practice the medical management of athletic training, can also offer practical assistance to coaches in the suitable selection for the correct sporting modalities and physical development of elite athletes, by means of diet and training, in accordance with the model anthropomeric characteristics of an elite sporting population. On the other hand, we estimated Whiters et al. six-site skinfold equations, which were derived from high-performance athletes data set.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La estructura física de la población deportiva cubana ha cambiado de acuerdo a la evolución secular, la adaptación morfológica al deporte, campeonatos internacionales más calificados y cambios dentro del deporte. La propuesta de este estudio es proveer nuevos datos antropométricos de referencias para las disciplinas deportivas que puedan ser utilizados para el control médico del entrenamiento deportivo. La fuente de información primaria fue la base de datos del Proyecto Antropológico “Evolución Morfológica en población deportiva cubana, 1970–2014”, disponible en el departamento de Cineantropometría del Instituto de Medicina del Deporte. Para cada deporte de equipo fueron seleccionados cuarenta sujetos, mientras que diez fueron seleccionados para cada deporte individual. Usando todos estos datos, fueron obtenidas tablas de referencia con estimados de la grasa por Withers y colaboradores, el somatotipo de Heath-Carter, la suma de seis panículos y el índice de Masa Corporal Activa. Este conocimiento ofrece un soporte para la práctica del control médico del entrenamiento deportivo, también ofrece asistencia práctica para entrenadores en lo que respecta a la selección de la modalidad deportiva adecuada, y en correspondencia con las características antropométricas ideales de una población deportiva de elite. Por otra parte, nosotros introducimos estimados de grasa corporal a través de las ecuaciones de Withers y colaboradores, las cuales fueron obtenidas de una base de datos de deportistas de alto rendimiento.</p></span>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1875 "Ancho" => 1581 "Tamanyo" => 200961 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Somatochart showing the mean somatoplots of Cuban male sporting modalities.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2201 "Ancho" => 1575 "Tamanyo" => 244177 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Somatochart showing the mean somatoplots of Cuban male sporting modalities. B#, boxing; WL#, weight lifting; J#, judo; W#, wrestling.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1798 "Ancho" => 1553 "Tamanyo" => 199597 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Somatochart showing the mean somatoplots of Cuban female sporting modalities. J#, judo.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mod, modalities; Weight, kg; Height, cm; End: endomorphy; Mes, mesomorphy; Ect, ectomorphy; S6skf, mm; %BF, %body fat; FFMI, Fat Free Mass Index, g/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sport \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mod \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Weight \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Height \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">End \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mes. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ect. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">S6skf \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% BF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">FFMI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Athletics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">400/800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">74.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">185.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">34.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.09<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">55.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">167.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">43.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">170.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">36.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.08<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">56.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">164.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">42.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">110<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">76.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">186.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">38.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.09<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">61.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">167.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">48.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">100–200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">76.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">179.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">34.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">168.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">45.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.07<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Shot put \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">101.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">190.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">87.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">178.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">120.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>28.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Discus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">188.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">52.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>32.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">180.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">105.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Javelin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>